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Halley's Comet
صورة
الشرح: Halley’s Comet, is a well-known periodic comet, named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley. It has an orbital period of approximately 75 years and is visible from Earth with the naked eye when it passes through the inner solar system.
The image shows Halley’s Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley, with a tail of gas and dust streaming away from the Sun. It was taken from the La-Silla-Observatory in Chile in 1986 during Halley's Comet's last visit to the inner solar system. The stars in this image appear elongated or as lines of three different colored dots as image was created from three separate observations in different colors of light and the telescope was tracking the comet, which was moving very slightly compared to the background stars. Note that the comets tail does not point in exactly the same direction as the elongation of the stars. This shows us that the comet tail is not always behind the comet, but instead pointing away from the Sun.
The comet passes its perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) at a distance of around 0.59 astronomical units, right between the orbits of Mercury and Venus. Beyond Neptune, it reaches its aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) at a distance of approximately 35 astronomical units. Halley's Comet reached aphelion in December 2023 and is now moving inwards again. It is expected to be seen with the naked eye from Earth again in mid-2061.
المصدر: ESO
رابط المصدر
مصطلحات المعجم:
الأوج , المذنب , ذيل المذنب , مذنب هالي , الحضيض الشمسي
الترخيص: المشاع الإبداعي نَسب المُصنَّف 4.0 دولي (CC BY 4.0) المشاع الإبداعي نَسب المُصنَّف 4.0 دولي (CC BY 4.0) أيقونات
ملف
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5.23 MB)
An Encounter With Halley's Comet
صورة
الشرح: This image shows the solid core, or nucleus, of Halley’s Comet, captured in 1986 by the European Space Agency spacecraft Giotto during its flyby of the comet in the inner Solar System. The nucleus appears irregular and potato-shaped, measuring roughly 15 kilometers (about 9 miles) across, and is composed of a mixture of ice, dust, and rock. Unlike the glowing fuzzy cloud (coma) and long tail that make comets visible from Earth, the nucleus itself is dark and difficult to see until a spacecraft passes close enough to take detailed images.
Halley’s Comet is one of the best-known comets because it returns to the inner Solar System approximately every 76 years, allowing generations of astronomers to observe it repeatedly. The material that is released from the nucleus as the comet warms near the Sun forms a glowing coma and long tails of gas and dust, and over many returns leaves trails of debris that produce meteor showers on Earth, such as the Eta Aquarids in May and the Orionids in October.
المصدر: NASA/ESA/Giotto Project
رابط المصدر
مصطلحات المعجم:
هالة المذنب , المذنب , نواة المذنب , مذنب هالي
الترخيص: الملكية العامة الملكية العامة أيقونات
ملف
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1.45 MB)
Comet Shoemaker-Levy After Crossing Jupiter's Roche Limit
صورة
الشرح: This panoramic image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope shows fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9. This comet was discovered in 1993 as the series of fragments you see here. These fragments were orbiting Jupiter. It is thought that at some point in the previous few decades the whole, unfragmented comet had been gravitationally captured by Jupiter. Then in 1992 the comet passed within Jupiter’s Roche limit.
Astronomical objects exert gravitational forces on each other. The closer one is to an object, the larger the force. As astronomical objects have a real physical size, the side of an object closer to another object will feel a stronger gravitational force from that other object than the more distant side. The gravitational stretching distorts the object. This gravitational stretching force is known as the tidal force. When an object is close enough to a large body like Jupiter, the object will feel such a large tidal stretching force that it will overcome the internal gravitational force holding the object together, ripping it to shreds. The distance from the larger body within which this occurs is known as the Roche limit.
When Shoemaker–Levy 9 crossed Jupiter's Roche limit in 1992, the tidal force pulled the comet into separate fragments. Here we see these fragments in a chain as they orbited Jupiter in May 1994. Later in July 1994 the comet fragment plunged into Jupiter’s atmosphere over the course of a week in a spectacular series of impacts. This event provided scientists with a rare opportunity to witness an impact unfolding in real time.
المصدر: NASA, ESA, and H. Weaver and E. Smith (STScI)
رابط المصدر
مصطلحات المعجم:
حد روش , قوة المد والجزر
الترخيص: الملكية العامة الملكية العامة أيقونات
ملف
( صورة
507.00 kB)
Comet C/2020F3 (Neowise) with separate dust and ion gas tails and a green glowing coma, by Dietmar Gutermuth, Germany
صورة
أُنشئ لصالح OAE
الشرح: Second place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Comets.
Comets have a very interesting structure comprising of four main parts: the nucleus, composed of rock, dust and frozen gases, typically spanning a few kilometres, although bigger ones have been observed; a small atmosphere of gas surrounding the nucleus (only present when the comet approaches its closest point to the Sun), called coma; and the two distinctive cometary tails (there is at times third tail). The green colour of the coma is due to carbon and nitrogen present in the coma reacting with the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. The tail that we are mostly used to observing – dust tail and is composed of micron sized dust particles, the second tail composed of charged particles – ion or gas tail. The tails are released only when the comet approaches the Sun at a distance where the heat and radiation emanating from our star is intense enough to vaporize the frozen gases. The dust tail is curved, while the gas tail is straight and always points away from the Sun as this is carried by the solar wind - flow of charged particles emitted by the Sun. As comets are formed by leftover material, they carry with them important information about the early stages of the Solar System’s formation. This beautiful image shows the comet C/2020 F3 (Neowise), as seen from Germany in July 2020, with three of the four structures clearly visible – coma, gas, and dust tail.
المصدر: Dietmar Gutermuth/IAU OAE
مصطلحات المعجم:
هالة المذنب , المذنب , ذيل المذنب
فئات:
النظام الشمسي
الترخيص: المشاع الإبداعي نَسب المُصنَّف 4.0 دولي (CC BY 4.0) المشاع الإبداعي نَسب المُصنَّف 4.0 دولي (CC BY 4.0) أيقونات
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