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A bright oval with a dark circle in the center. To the right of the dark circle but still inside the oval is a bright dot.

The planet PDS 70b inside a protoplanetary disk

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Caption: An image of the planet PDS 70b. The young star PDS 70b has a protoplanetary disk surrounding it. Disks like these contains gas, fine sandy particles that astronomers refer to as dust and also larger bodies ranging from objects the size of pebbles to protoplanets (planets that are still forming). This image was taken in infrared light using adaptive optics. Adaptive optics is a technique that uses flexible mirrors and computer analysis to remove the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere. This allows astronomers to search regions close to stars like PDS 70 that would otherwise be swamped by light from the star spread out by the Earth's atmosphere. In the center is a black circle. This is caused by a coronograph, a small circle that blocks out light from the parent star. This is surrounded by a bright oval, infrared light emitted from the material in the protoplanetary disk. To the right of the black circle covering the star is a bright dot. This is PDS 70b, a giant planet that is still forming .
Credit: ESO/ A. Müller, MPIA
Credit Link

詞彙表術語: 行星形成 , 原行星 , 原行星盤 , 自適應光學
Categories: Exoplanets & Astrobiology

License: Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

檔案 ( image 1.59 MB)


A red patch mass of gas with a few dark bubbles with lighter edges and several lighter colored clusters and filaments

Herschel’s view of new stars and molecular clouds

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Caption: This image shows the Westerhout 3, 4 and 5 star formation regions. This area has huge amounts of gas and dust. This gas and dust hides the physical processes going on in this region from studies using visible light. This image was taken in infrared light by the Herschel Space Observatory. This infrared light allowed Herschel to see deep into these star forming regions. In Westerhout 3, 4 and 5, huge, cold clouds of molecular hydrogen have collapsed into dense knots and filaments. Within these new structures the gas is dense and cold enough for it to collapse and form stars. These new stars give off powerful winds of charged particles, like stronger versions of the solar wind our sun gives off. These winds have combined to blow massive bubbles in the surrounding gas and dust. These are visible as the large darker voids in the image.
Credit: ESA/Herschel/NASA/JPL-Caltech; acknowledgement: R. Hurt (JPL-Caltech)
Credit Link

詞彙表術語: 紅外天文學 , 恆星形成 , 星際介質 , 分子雲 , 星風
Categories: Milky Way and Interstellar Medium , Stars

License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO icons

檔案 ( image 4.53 MB)


年輕恆星沿著氣體帶形成

恆星誕生環境

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Caption: 使用阿塔卡馬大型毫米/亞毫米波陣(ALMA)和甚大陣(VLA),拍攝了獵戶座分子雲中多顆原恆星形成的快照,更仔細地觀察了每顆原恆星。對於恆星形成的過程和早期階段,以及恆星從中形成的母雲所產生的影響,這樣的圖像提供了獨特的見解。
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), J. Tobin; NRAO/AUI/NSF, S. Dagnello; Herschel/ESA
Credit Link

詞彙表術語: 原恆星 , 恆星形成
Categories: Milky Way and Interstellar Medium , Stars

License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported icons

檔案 ( image 426.34 kB)


一連串明暗相間的環,就像環繞著長蛇座TW的箭靶

恆星長蛇座TW周圍行星的形成

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Caption: 這幅圖像顯示的是年輕恆星長蛇座TW周圍的物質盤。這顆恆星足夠年輕,的年齡只有大約一千萬年,因此其周圍的氣體和塵埃盤中仍在形成行星。這幅圖像是利用亞毫米望遠鏡陣列製作的,其中每臺望遠鏡看起來都像一個碟形天線。這些望遠鏡接收到的信號由一臺中央處理計算機合成,從而生成了這幅圖像。其明暗程度表示的是物質盤上塵埃的多少。圖中的暗環和亮環表明物質盤中的塵埃被帶入了某些軌道,並遠離了其他軌道。這可能是因為物質盤中隱藏著一顆或多顆仍處在形成過程中的行星。 整幅圖像顯示的環繞長蛇座TW的物質盤延伸到了距離中心恆星約70個天文單位處。外側的兩個暗環與中心恆星的距離大致相當於太陽與天王星之間的平均距離以及太陽與冥王星之間的平均距離。內側中央的洞似乎是由一顆環繞長蛇座TW運行的行星雕刻出的,其與中心恆星的距離大致相當於地球與太陽之間的距離。
Credit: S. Andrews (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA); B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF); ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)
Credit Link

詞彙表術語: 行星形成
Categories: Exoplanets & Astrobiology

License: Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

檔案 ( image 210.48 kB)


老人增四b是一顆靠近母恆星的亮點。在其周圍,我們從側面看到一個溫暖物質盤。

老人增四b

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Caption: 這幅圖像由兩張照片合成,顯示了系外行星老人增四b和一個物質盤,它們都圍繞年輕恆星老人增四運行。這兩張照片都是在紅外波段拍攝的。圍繞太陽之外的恆星運行的行星稱為“系外行星”,內側圖像即為首批被拍攝到的系外行星照片之一。這張照片是利用一種叫做“自適應光學”的技術拍攝的,該技術可以消除地球大氣引起的模糊效應,從而使星光不再散開。然後,星光被高度集中,並由一個叫做“星冕儀”的遮擋圈(此處顯示為黑圈)遮擋,其周圍的波紋是成像過程中的偽影。老人增四b是一顆氣態巨行星,質量約為木星的12倍,在黑圈左上方顯示為一個小點。 外側圖像顯示的是年輕恆星老人增四周圍溫暖物質盤的熱輻射。我們的視線處於這個物質盤的側面,因此它顯示為一條線。這個由氣體和塵埃組成的物質盤提供了形成老人增四b的物質。
Credit: ESO/A.-M. Lagrange et al.
Credit Link

詞彙表術語: 系外行星 , 行星形成 , 自適應光學
Categories: Exoplanets & Astrobiology

License: Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

檔案 ( image 128.05 kB)


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