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Glossary term: شکل گیری سیاره‌ها

Description: زمانی که یک ابر گازی کیهانی فروپاشی می‌کند تا ستاره‌ای را تشکیل دهد، ستاره در حال شکل‌گیری توسط یک دیسک چرخان از گاز و غبار احاطه می‌شود. این دیسک پیش‌سیاره‌ای است، جایی که سیارات شکل می‌گیرند: ذرات غبار پوشیده از یخ به یکدیگر می‌چسبند و توده‌های کمی بزرگ‌تر تشکیل می‌دهند که به رشد خود ادامه می‌دهند. هنوز سؤالات بی‌پاسخی در مورد مراحل بعدی وجود دارد: به عنوان مثال، نقش حرکت آشوب‌گونه گاز در نزدیک‌تر کردن این توده‌ها به یکدیگر چیست؟ سرانجام، اجرام موسوم به خرده‌سیاره
با اندازه بیش از یک کیلومتر شکل می‌گیرند. برخی از آن‌ها به‌دلیل نیروی گرانش خود به هم می‌پیوندند و سیارات بزرگ‌تر را تشکیل می‌دهند، در حالی که برخی دیگر به‌عنوان اولین سیارک‌ها باقی می‌مانند. برخی از پیش‌سیاره‌ها مقادیر زیادی گاز را به سمت خود جذب می‌کنند و به سیاره‌های غول‌پیکر گازی تبدیل می‌شوند. برخی دیگر در مناطق سردتر و دورتر از ستاره مرکزی، مقدار زیادی ماده یخی همراه با گاز جمع می‌کنند و به غول‌های یخی تبدیل می‌شوند. پیش‌سیاره‌هایی که گاز کمتری جذب می‌کنند، به سیارات زمین‌مانند تبدیل می‌شوند.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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Related Media


The planet beta Pictoris b is a bright dot close to its parent star. Around this we see a warm disk edge-on

beta Pictoris b

Caption: This composite of two images shows the planet beta Pictoris b and a disk of material both of which orbit the young star beta Pictoris. Both are taken in infrared light. The inner image was one of the first pictures taken of a planet around another star (an exoplanet). This image was made using a technique called adaptive optics which removes the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere that spreads out a star's light. The star's light is then concentrated tightly enough that it can be hidden behind a blocking circle (shown here in black) called a coronagraph. The ripples around this are artifacts of the imaging process. Beta Pictoris b, a gas giant planet about twelve times the mass of Jupiter, appears as a dot above and to the left of the black circle. The outer image shows the thermal emission from the warm disk of material surrounding the young star beta Pictoris. As we are viewing this disk edge-on it appears as a line. This disk of gas and dust provided the material to form beta Pictoris b.
Credit: ESO/A.-M. Lagrange et al. credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons تخصیص 4.0 بین‌المللی (CC BY 4.0) icons


A series of light and dark rings that resemble an archery target around the star TW Hydrae

Planet formation around the star TW Hydrae

Caption: This image shows the disk around the young star TW Hydrae. This star is only about 10 million years old, young enough that planets are still forming in a disk of gas and dust around it. This image was created using an array of submillimetre telescopes, each of which looks like a satellite dish. The signals from these telescopes were combined by a central processing computer to make this image. The lighter and darker patches show areas of the disk where there is more or less dust respectively. The dark rings and bright rings are evidence that the dust in the disk has been shepherded into some orbits and away from others. This is likely because there is one or more planets that are still forming hidden in the disk. The whole image shows the disk around TW Hydrae out to a distance of about 70 astronomical units frm the central star. The two outer dark rings are separated from the central star by approximately the average distance between the Sun and Uranus and the average distance between the Sun and Pluto. The inner central hole appears to have been carved out by a planet orbiting TW Hydrae at a distance similar to the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
Credit: S. Andrews (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA); B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF); ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO) credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons تخصیص 4.0 بین‌المللی (CC BY 4.0) icons

Related Diagrams


Pictor appears as a slightly bent line going from the south east to north west

Pictor Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Pictor with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Pictor is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Columba, Caelum, Dorado, Volans, Carina and Puppis. Pictor is notable for its second brightest star, Beta Pictoris. This young star hosts a large disk of dusty material left over from the planet formation process along with two planets, one of which Beta Pictoris b was one of the first planets to be directly imaged by astronomers. Pictor is a southern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible from some equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible to the remaining northern equatorial regions and some northern hemisphere temperate zones. Pictor is best viewed in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

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Related Activities


Creating Asteroids

Creating Asteroids

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Have fun, building asteroids using clay!

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons تخصیص 4.0 بین‌المللی (CC BY 4.0) icons

Tags: Hands-on , Model
Age Ranges: 4-6 , 6-8 , 8-10
Education Level: Pre-school , Primary
Areas of Learning: Modelling , Social Research
Costs: Medium Cost
Duration: 1 hour 30 mins
Group Size: Group
Skills: Communicating information , Developing and using models