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Glossary term: Matière noire

Description: La matière noire est une forme de matière proposée qui possède une masse, mais qui est complètement transparente et n'émet pas de lumière. Elle a été postulée comme explication conjointe d'une variété de phénomènes liés aux interactions gravitationnelles.

Les premières preuves de l'existence de la matière noire sont venues des galaxies dans les amas de galaxies, qui se déplaçaient à des vitesses relativement élevées. L'hypothèse d'une masse supplémentaire permettait d'expliquer pourquoi, malgré leur vitesse, les galaxies en question étaient gravitationnellement liées à leur amas au lieu de s'en échapper. Les mesures effectuées par Vera Rubin et d'autres chercheurs sur les vitesses auxquelles les étoiles et le gaz orbitent dans les galaxies à disque ont conduit à une acceptation plus large du concept de matière noire : dans ce cas, les lois habituelles de la gravité requièrent une masse considérable en plus de la matière visible afin d'expliquer les vitesses de rotation élevées observées. Plus récemment, les observations par lentille gravitationnelle ont révélé la présence d'une masse non lumineuse considérable dans les amas de galaxies.

En cosmologie, l'histoire de l'expansion de l'Univers indique qu'il y a plus de matière dans l'Univers que ce qui est pris en compte sous la forme de matière lumineuse. L'explication courante de la croissance des structures dans l'Univers primitif repose également sur la présence de matière noire. Pour ces raisons, les modèles cosmologiques standard sont appelés "modèles Lambda CDM", où CDM signifie matière noire froide (Cold Dark Matter).

La nature de la matière noire fait l'objet de recherches et de débats intenses, tant en cosmologie qu'en physique des particules. Les preuves de l'existence de la matière noire restent indirectes et reposent sur des observations des effets de la masse de la matière noire sur la matière lumineuse ou la lumière. Plusieurs propositions existent pour des espèces de particules élémentaires non encore détectées qui pourraient constituer la matière noire, mais les expériences mises en place pour trouver des preuves directes de ces particules candidates n'ont pas encore été couronnées de succès. Il existe également d'autres propositions d'explication qui prétendent rendre compte des observations pertinentes sans impliquer de nouvelles espèces de particules.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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Related Media


Measurements of how gravity distorts light in the galaxy cluster ZwCl0024+1652, shows a "ring" of dark matter in blue

Dark matter

Caption: This image of the galaxy cluster ZwCl0024+1652 is created using mathematical modelling, together with observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The Hubble observations were taken in November 2004 by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The exquisite resolution of the ACS, allowed very detailed measurements to be made of the gravitational lensing in the cluster. The blue nebulosity is a superimposed ""map"" of the dark matter distribution in the galaxy cluster and is not visible in the observations, but is a mathematical model created based on the gravitational lensing data. The ""dark matter ring"" the is present in the image is one of the strongest pieces of evidence to date for the existence of dark matter. Observational data provides evidence that Dark matter makes up about 1/4 of the Universe, and is believed to make up the underlying structure of the cosmos. In addition, a large percentage the mass in galaxies and galaxy clusters is dark matter, which is not visible via direct observations.
Credit: NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee and H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University) credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons


Galaxies map, each dot is a galaxy, forming a web-like structure, the outer circle marks a distance of 2 billion light years

SDSS Redshift Map

Caption: This image shows a map of the distribution of galaxies and is based on redshift data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Redshift measurements provides information on the distances, positions and motions of the galaxies. The Earth is located at the center of the image, and each dot represents a galaxy. The outer circle represents a ""distance"" of about 2 billion light years. The idea of distance in cosmology is complex because the usual measurement of distance is the separation between two points in space at the same time. However, because of the speed of light, the further a distance, the farther back in time we are observing. The numbers on the outer circle are Right Ascension coordinates mapped onto a flat circle, and provides information on the position of the galaxies on the sky. The colours used represent the ages of the stars in the galaxies, the redder, more strongly clustered points represent galaxies comprising of older stars. The dark wedges that do not contain any dots are regions that were not mapped by the SDSS due to dust from the Milky Way galaxy obscuring the view.
Credit: M. Blanton and Sloan Digital Sky Survey credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

Related Activities


Dark matter & dark energy (Part 2) – Understanding the nature of dark matter and dark energy

Dark matter & dark energy (Part 2) – Understanding the nature of dark matter and dark energy

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Let's investigate the nature of dark matter and energy with gravitational lensing!

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

Tags: Experiment , Invisible
Age Ranges: 12-14 , 14-16 , 16-19 , 19+
Education Level: Informal , Middle School
Areas of Learning: Guided-discovery learning , Interactive Lecture , Modelling , Problem-solving
Costs: Medium Cost
Duration: 45 mins
Group Size: Group
Skills: Constructing explanations , Developing and using models , Engaging in argument from evidence

Dark matter and Dark energy (Part 1) – Discovering the main components of the Universe

Dark matter and Dark energy (Part 1) – Discovering the main components of the Universe

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Lets' investigate gravity, dark matter and dark energy with some very simple experiments!

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

Tags: Experiment , Galaxies
Age Ranges: 12-14 , 14-16 , 16-19 , 19+
Education Level: Informal , Middle School
Areas of Learning: Guided-discovery learning , Interactive Lecture , Modelling , Observation based , Other , Problem-solving
Costs: Low Cost
Duration: 45 mins
Group Size: Group
Skills: Constructing explanations , Developing and using models , Engaging in argument from evidence , Planning and carrying out investigations