Glossary term: 氢聚变
Description: 核聚变是一个总称,指的是较轻的原子核相互碰撞并合并形成一或多个较重的原子核的所有反应。在天文学中,氢核聚变是将氢核(由一个质子组成)转化为氦-4 核(由两个质子和两个中子结合在一起组成)的核聚变反应。氦-4核的质量小于它由质子和中子组成的质量之和。根据爱因斯坦著名的公式 E=mc2,质量差相当于能量差。当质子和中子聚变形成氦-4 时,就会释放出与该差值相对应的能量。通过这种方式,氢聚变成为了像太阳这样的主序星的能量来源。至少在一段时间内,这类恒星处于平衡状态:它们核心中由氢聚变释放的能量量与这些明亮恒星以光和其他类型的电磁辐射以及粒子形式释放的能量量相对应。
氢聚变要经过几个中间步骤。对于质量与太阳相当或更小的恒星来说,氢聚变是通过所谓的质子-质子链(pp 链)进行的。在该反应链的最简单版本中,两个氢核(质子)融合产生氘核(各一个质子和一个中子),然后氘核与另外一个氢核融合产生氦-3(两个质子,一个中子)。两个这样的氦-3 核融合后产生氦-4 和剩余的两个氢核。在质量超过太阳 1.3 倍的恒星中,一种叫做碳-氮-氧(CNO)循环的替代过程成为将氢熔化成氦的主要方式。地球上的科学家已经制造出了制造核聚变反应的装置,并希望将来它能成为一种可行的能源生产方式。氢聚变不仅发生在恒星中,在宇宙大爆炸的早期阶段也曾发生过。
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