Glossary term: 粒子
Description: 物质的微小成分可称为粒子。在经典物理学中，粒子在空间中运动，在每个给定时刻，粒子都有一个确定的位置。在量子物理学中，粒子的特性有所不同。粒子并不总是有一个确定的位置，在某些方面，粒子的行为类似于波。
粒子物理学研究物质的最小成分，即所谓的基本粒子。对于天文学来说，最重要的物质粒子是电子以及构成质子和中子等强子的夸克、上夸克和下夸克。原子物质由质子和中子组成原子核，周围环绕着电子。
电磁辐射作为主要的天文信使，由称为光子的量子化粒子组成。在较低的光子能量下，这些量子化粒子的波特性最为重要。例如，射电天文学家不是用单独的粒子来描述他们接收到的电磁辐射，而是用波长或频率来描述电磁波。在电磁频谱的另一端，对于最高能量的光子来说，粒子特性是最重要的。使用 X 射线或伽马射线进行观测的高能天文学家通常使用粒子探测器进行观测，并用粒子能量来描述他们接收到的辐射的特性。
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