Glossary term: 射电天文学
Description: 射电天文学是天文学的一个分支,专注于电磁波谱中特定区域的射电波观测。地球的大气层有“射频窗口”:允许某些频率(或波长范围)的射电波几乎不受阻碍地通过。这使得我们可以利用地面射电望远镜观测天体射电辐射。典型的观测频率范围从大约300吉赫兹(GHz)到几十兆赫兹(MHz),对应的波长为1毫米(mm)到几十米。在特别适合的干燥高海拔地点,天文学家甚至可以进行亚毫米观测,波长可达到约0.3毫米,对应频率达到1太赫兹(THz)。大约在10 MHz的低频限制是由于地球的电离层。这个位于大气高层的区域含有大量带电粒子,能反射超长射电波回到太空中。射电天文学使我们能够观测到来自星系和银河系中冷气体的辐射,如原子氢和分子气体。通过这些观测,天文学家可以研究稀疏的星际介质,以及恒星和行星形成的区域和过程。射电天文学还允许研究高能天体,如脉冲星和活动星系核:在这些物体内或周围,电子在强磁场中被加速,从而发出称为同步辐射的射电波。脉冲星以及非常亮的活动星系核(称为类星体)都是通过射电天文学发现的,宇宙的热大爆炸阶段的遗迹,即宇宙微波背景辐射(CMB)也是通过这种方法探测到的。尽管来自太空的射电波在1930年代首次被探测到,但射电天文学直到1950年才成为观测天文学的一个主要分支。
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