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Glossary term: 天蝎座

Description: 天蝎座是黄道带上的13个星座之一。组成这个星座的恒星位于与黄道(由地球绕太阳运行的轨迹所确定的平面)相交的那部分天空。事实上,黄道带上的所有星座都与黄道相交。从地球上看,我们会发现太阳和太阳系的其他行星经常落在天蝎座中。天蝎座是国际天文学联合会承认的88个星座之一,也是托勒密最初确定的48个星座之一。早在托勒密之前一千多年,苏美尔人就已经确定了天蝎座。在其他文化中,天蝎座有着不同的名称:在毛利和波利尼西亚文化中,天蝎座被称为毛伊的钩子;而澳大利亚土著群体,如阿纳姆地区的约尔努人,则将天蝎座视为鳄鱼和蝎子。天蝎座最亮的恒星是大火星(又称心宿二、天蝎座α),它是一颗红巨星,距离地球约550光年。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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虬枝盘结的乔木之上,银河光带横贯天幕,左右缀满星团与亮星,却被一道宽阔的暗尘带从中剖分。

猴面包树大道上空的银河

Caption: 2022 年国际天文学联合会 OAE 天体摄影比赛静态摄影获奖作品。 这幅影像展现了银河的壮丽光带与南天星空的瑰丽画卷:南十字座、半人马座、天蝎座、人马座及茶壶星群尽收眼底。画面左下方可见南十字座与指引星半人马座α星(南门二,较亮)及β星(马腹一)。非洲部分文化将南十字座解读为长颈鹿,亦有部落将其视为狮群或生命之树。 天蝎座最亮星心宿二(Antares)呈现橙红色,位于中央猴面包树正上方。 肯尼亚波科莫人将银河视为远古篝火的余烬烟迹,南非科伊科伊人则用"红白根茎被投入火中化作红白星辰"解释恒星颜色差异。祖鲁人视银河为战神投掷的矛雨,而科萨人将其想象成暴怒巨犬竖起的鬃毛。 波利尼西亚航海者将天蝎座称为"毛伊神钓钩",澳大利亚原住民贾布伍伦和贾德瓦贾利部落则将南十字座融入梦境传说:丁加尔巨兽、指引星兄弟、母亲德尔塔十字星与化作袋貂的猎人本雅共同编织星空史诗。 画面中可见土星(心宿二上方的亮斑)与木星(右下猴面包树干旁的亮斑)。在原住民传说中,土星被卡米拉罗伊族视为鹪鹩的化身,维多利亚州布龙族人则将木星与白冠凤头鹦鹉形态的祖灵首领吉纳邦比尔普相联系。
Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAU

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银河在陡峭海岸线上的一座桥上若隐若现。右上方是明亮的深红色恒星心宿二。

驾驶途中

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会(IAU)OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别荣誉奖作品。 这张照片于2021年5月在美国加利福尼亚州山区的大瑟尔拍摄。照片中,银河横跨在历史悠久的比克斯比大桥上空。 岸边正上方的恒星是心宿二,它是天蝎座心脏部位的一颗红超巨星。在它的左侧,银河中的团块似乎与岩石陆地同时从地平线上冒出来。在照片左侧的四分之一处,陆地之上、银河之下,有着另一颗明亮的恒星——牛郎星,它是天鹰座中的明亮恒星。 蝎子被认为是一种危险的动物,因此在古巴比伦的神话故事中,蝎人(人与蝎子的混血后代)守护着冥界之门,《吉尔伽美什史诗》中就有这样的记载。天鹰座则出现在古巴比伦国王埃塔纳的传奇故事中——埃塔纳被一只老鹰带到天空,并描述了他在逐渐升高的过程中所看到的世界。吉尔伽美什和埃塔纳这两位英雄都在寻找”生命之草“,但前者向下,后者向上。吉尔伽美什的目标是复活死去的朋友恩基杜,并让自己长生不老;而埃塔纳则是为了帮助妻子怀孕而寻找这种草药。在寻找生命之草的征途中,这两位英雄分别获得了蝎子和老鹰这两种动物的帮助,但最终都没有成功。吉尔伽美什最终明白,一个人只有通过为全人类做善事才能得到永生。天鹰座在希腊文化中也得到了认可,但直到罗马时代,它才成为亡灵的使者,带着亡灵飞向永恒的星空。当时,托勒密在古典天鹰座的下方创造了一个新的星座——安提诺座,代表着安提诺乌斯的灵魂。这位年轻人是罗马皇帝哈德良的朋友兼顾问,在《天文学大成》完成之前七年淹死在尼罗河中,罗马帝国举行了全国哀悼。 银河被许多文化视为”灵魂之路“,但在古巴比伦文化中并非如此。不过,在古希腊古罗马哲学中,在心宿二与牛郎星之间,银河与黄道相交处的白色明亮部分确实有其含义:柏拉图、马克罗比乌斯等哲学家将其称为”天空中的X“,第二道天门可能就在这里(第一道天门是由毕星团和昴星团组成的)。 这些天路和天门,被描绘在巨型桥梁以及陆海交汇之处的地景之上,构成了一张极具冲击力的照片。此外,陆地上方银河之中存在着黑暗的团块,在澳大利亚南部一些原住民文化中,它是两个巨大的黑暗鳄鱼星座之一。
Credit: Marcin Zajac/IAU OAE

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非洲草原上方的银河拱门。银河的弥散光被一串暗斑打断。

安波塞利国家公园上空的银河拱门

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会(IAU)OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别获奖作品。 这张照片2016年7月拍摄于肯尼亚安博塞利国家公园,该公园位于赤道附近。 在北非的埃及神话中,银河被看作神灵所航行的河流。南非的祖鲁人将这种由明暗星云组成的图案解释为一种皮肤黑白相间的动物,而南非的科伊科伊人和桑人则认为它是“星路”。在南非的一些文化中,银河的拱门是一位母神创造的通往天堂的道路——这是19世纪的早期人类学研究所采纳的一个南非创世神话,但这一神话如今已经消失。 在照片的右中部,我们可以看到现代天蝎座中明亮的红色恒星心宿二。照片左上角边缘是白色的织女星,开普敦附近的人认为它是雄性的骏马。 澳大利亚原住民对银河有很多称呼。澳大利亚北领地阿纳姆地区的约尔努(Yolnu)人称呼银河为“Milnguya”,意为“天河”。这张照片中的一个突出图案与银河的明暗区域对比有关。 这些暗区是由星际尘埃和气体组成的低温致密云团,阻挡了其背后恒星发出的光线。其中一个突出的图案被澳大利亚南部几个土著民族称为“Tchingal”,意为“天上的鸸鹋”。鸸鹋的头部和嘴部(即煤袋星云)位于南十字座(照片右下角)的左下方,身体和腿部则从南十字座向左延伸。其他原住民群体则将暗区与洞穴或水道联系在一起。鸸鹋一年四季的朝向提供了重要的线索,表明什么时候应该采集鸸鹋蛋,什么时候鸸鹋蛋开始孵化。在某些月份,当这些银河暗云靠近地平线时,人们则认为它们不是鸸鹋,而是两条匍匐前进的鳄鱼。 在银河系中心的上方,可以清楚地看到黑暗的烟斗星云的现代形象。银河上方那颗橙红色的恒星是天蝎座的心宿二,而烟斗的烟雾可以到达心宿二旁边色彩斑斓的蛇夫座ρ区域。波隆人把心宿二称为“Djuit”,意为“红腰鹦鹉”;而西部沙漠的科卡塔人则把心宿二称为“Kogolongo”,意为“红尾黑凤头鹦鹉”。 此外,照片中还可以看到一些著名的星座:天鹅座、天鹰座、天琴座、天蝎座、人马座、南十字座和半人马座。在南非的一些传统中,指针星——半人马座α星(南门二)和β星(马腹一)偶尔被视为野兽的眼睛。
Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


一幅全天空图像展示的银河,犹如一条漫无边际的光河,只有中央一条斑驳的暗斑带将其打破。

横贯天顶的银河

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会(IAU)OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别获奖作品。 这幅全天图像展示的是2019年5月在日本长野看到的银河系越过天顶的景象。这种全天空图像可以用鱼眼镜头拍摄,也可以用地面上的凸面镜拍摄,后者也可以显示出拍摄者。 在这幅图像中可以看到夜空中最亮的几颗恒星,以及太阳系中的两颗巨行星——木星和土星。木星是本图底部最亮的一点,而土星则是银河系另一侧的另一个亮点,位于底部,紧挨着地平线。 在银河的正右方、木星的下方,我们可以看到一颗明亮的红色恒星——心宿二,它是日本星宿“心宿”的主星。日本星宿源于中国古代的星宿,只做了很小的改动,甚至没有改动。在这一传统中,“心宿”是“四象”之一“苍龙”的心脏,代表着春天。在巴比伦和希腊罗马的传统中,这个区域被认为是天蝎的心脏。在巴比伦宗教中,这颗星与母神的孩子李斯有关,但在希腊神话中,由于它的颜色,它与火星有关。红色也使这颗恒星在中国被称为“大火星”。我们知道,这种颜色是由它相对较低的温度造成的。 从心宿二向右移动,我们会看到天空中更靠北的部分。图像右下方靠近地平线的亮星是位于现代的牧夫座的大角星。心宿二及其周围天区被认为是苍龙的心脏,而大角星和角宿一(位于地平线之下)则是两个仅含有单星的星群,构成了苍龙的巨角。在图像右侧的地平线边缘,从上方向它指去的,是北斗七星的柄,它是大熊座的一部分。 银河右侧、图像中间上方的亮点是织女星,位于现代的天琴座。向银河的另一侧连一条线,在图像的下方一点,我们可以看到牛郎星,位于天鹰座。从那里我们可以再将一条线连到天鹅座最亮的恒星——牛郎星,这颗星在图像中的位置也稍高一些,完全被银河淹没了。这三颗明亮的恒星组成了北半球被称为“夏季大三角”的星群。
Credit: Ohnishi Kouji/IAU OAE

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云层覆盖的大地上方,繁星点点的夜空璀璨夺目。左侧,明亮的红色恒星心宿二居于一个钩状星群的顶端。

尼加拉瓜马萨亚省宁迪里镇的星空

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会(IAU)OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别荣誉奖作品。 这张照片是2022年4月在尼加拉瓜蒂斯马拍摄的。尽管当时正值月夜,但一些星座依然清晰可见。银河贯穿整个画面,其最明亮的区域在天空中若隐若现,一部分被地球的云层所遮蔽。 在照片左侧可以看到天蝎座,它是黄道星座之一。我们一眼就能看到这个星座中最亮的恒星——心宿二,它位于一个由三颗恒星组成的星群中央,这个星群仿佛是从云层中向上生长的花茎,其上的花瓣便是天蝎的额头。在明亮的月光下,心宿二的橙色并不明显。组成天蝎额头的三颗恒星分别是房宿一、房宿三和房宿四,国际天文学联合会(IAU)最近规定了它们正式的英文星名,以展示星座的全球多样性。其中,房宿一被命名为Acrab,源自阿拉伯语的“蝎子”一词;房宿三被命名为Dschubba,源自阿拉伯语的“额头”一词;而房宿四被命名为Fang,源自其所属的中国二十八星宿之一——房宿。天蝎的尾巴延伸至照片底部,其毒刺恰好位于地平线上方的云层间隙之中。 在照片的中央,半人马座清晰可见。我们首先可以在云层之上辨认出南十字座以及两颗指极星——南门二(半人马座α星)和马腹一(半人马座β星)。这两颗指极星象征着半人马的前蹄,而在基督教诞生前的古代,南十字座的恒星则被认为是半人马的一条后腿。半人马前蹄左侧是南门二,英文名为Rigil Kentaurus,是阿拉伯语和拉丁语的混合,意为”半人马之足“;右侧是马腹一,英文名为Hadar,源自阿拉伯语,意为”在地面之上“。它们与南十字座共同构成了这一神话生物马身的双腿。而人形躯干则由肩部的两颗明亮恒星和头部的三颗较暗恒星组成。在星空传说中,这个形象代表的是喀戎,他是唯一一位品德高尚、学识渊博的半人马,也是所有伟大英雄的导师。 公元1500年左右,那些前往新大陆的基督教航海家们虽然从未在欧洲见过这些星群,但开始利用它们导航。其中包括探险家亚美利哥·韦斯普奇(Amerigo Vespucci),美洲大陆就是以他的名字命名的。他的同船伙伴安德烈亚·科尔萨利(Andrea Corsali)来自佛罗伦萨,著名诗人但丁·阿利吉耶里(Dante Alighieri)两个世纪之前在那里创作了《神曲》。科尔萨利看到南十字座的四颗明亮恒星时,联想到了但丁的诗篇。或许正是在这样的背景下,他们偶然间创造了南十字座。起初,航海家们只是将这一星群用于实用目的。但不久后,基督教各个新教派之间爆发了宗教战争,这一时期的天文学家们将十字形状绘制在星图上,作为团结与反战的象征。
Credit: René Antonio Urroz Álvarez/IAU OAE

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Related Diagrams


Libra appears as a triangle pointing north (up) with two lines hanging down. It is bisected by the ecliptic running ESE-WNW

Libra Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Libra along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Libra is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Serpens Caput, Virgo, Hydra, Centaurus, Lupus, Scorpius and Ophiuchus. Libra lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Libra from late October to late November. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Libra. Libra lies just south of the celestial equator and is thus visible at some time in all but the most arctic regions. Libra is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere late spring/early summer and southern hemisphere late autumn/early winter. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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Scorpius appears as a letter T joined to a letter J. The ecliptic runs ESE to WNW and clips one arm of the T

Scorpius Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Scorpius (often commonly called Scorpio) along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Scorpius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Ophiuchus, Serpens Caput, Libra, Lupus, Norma, Ara, Corona Australis and Sagittarius. Scorpius’s brightest star Antares appears in the heart of the constellation with the famous tail of Scoprius in the south-east (lower left). Scorpius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun only spends a short amount of time in late November in Scorpius. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Scorpius. Scorpius lies south of the celestial equator. The whole constellation is not visible from the most arctic regions of the world with parts of Scorpius obscured for observers in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Scorpius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The yellow circles mark the positions of the open clusters M6, M7 & NGC 6231 while the yellow circles with plus signs superimposed on them mark the globular clusters M4 and M80. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The circle around Antares indicates that it is a variable star. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line marks the ecliptic, the path the Sun appears to travel across the sky over the course of one year. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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Sagittarius is shaped like a teapot pouring tea south west. The ecliptic runs WSW to ENE at the top of the constellation

Sagittarius Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Sagittarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Sagittarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scorpius, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Microscopium and Capricornus. The brighter stars in Sagittarius form a distinctive teapot shape. Sagittarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Sagittarius from mid December to mid January. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Sagittarius. Sagittarius lies south of the celestial equator. The famous teapot asterism is visible for all but the most arctic regions of the world but the most southerly parts of the constellation are not visible in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Sagittarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* which lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is sits on the western (here right-hand) edge of Sagittarius. Due to it covering an area at the center of our Galaxy, Sagittarius is home to many star clusters including open clusters (marked here with yellow circles) and globular clusters (marked here with yellow circles with + signs superimposed on them). Three nebulae are also marked here with green squares. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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Ophiuchus appears as a headless stick figure

Ophiuchus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Ophiuchus along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Ophiuchus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Hercules, Serpens Caput, Scorpius, Sagittarius and Serpens Cauda. Ophiuchus is not part of the traditional twelve zodiac constellations but it lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Ophiuchus from late November to mid December. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Ophiuchus. Ophiuchus spans the celestial equator and thus part of the constellation is visible across the whole of the earth at some point in the year. However during the time it is most visible in the evenings (the southern hemisphere winter and northern hemisphere summer) much of the arctic is in perpetual daylight making the stars in the constellation impossible to see. The whole constellation is visible from equatorial and temperate regions of both hemispheres. As Ophiuchus lies close to the galactic center it contains many globular clusters such as M9, M10, M12, M14, M19, M62, and M107. These are marked as yellow circles with plus symbols superimposed. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


天坛座呈现为一个纵向的四边形,其右侧边比左侧边短。

天坛座星图

Caption: 天坛座及其位于中央的最亮的恒星,其周围(按顺时针方向)环绕着天蝎座、矩尺座、南三角座、天燕座、孔雀座、望远镜座和南冕座。天坛座是一个南天星座,在一年中的某个时间可以在整个南半球观测到,而在赤道地区可以看到这个星座的部分,而北半球的一些温带地区也可以观测到。天坛座在北半球的夏季和南半球的冬季的夜晚是最佳观测时期。球状星团 NGC 6352 和 NGC 6397 位于天坛座内,它们在图中用黄色十字圈标出。疏散星团 NGC 6193 也位于天坛座内,并在图中用黄色圆圈标示,但其最亮的成员星遮挡了该标记的部分,该恒星在良好的观测条件下可以用肉眼看到。图中标注的恒星的大小与恒星的视星等有关,视星等是衡量恒星视亮度的标准,,较大的点表示较亮的恒星。希腊字母标记了星座中最亮的恒星,通常按亮度排序,最亮的恒星标记为α,次亮者标记为β,以此类推,不过这种排序并不总是有效的。虚线标示出国际天文学联合会规定的星座边界,而绿色实线则表示常见的星座连线方式。然而,星座的边界线以及恒星之间的连线并不会出现在实际夜空中。
Credit: 由国际天文学联合会天文教育办公室根据国际天文学联合会/《天空与望远镜》的原文改编

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons