Glossary term: 太阳
Description: 太阳是距离地球最近的恒星。对于天文学家来说，它是一颗 "G2V "型恒星。这意味着太阳是一颗主序星，典型温度（"有效温度"）为 5800 开尔文（K）。主序星是稳定的，其内核氢聚变释放的能量可以平衡引力产生的向内力。人眼看到的太阳是白色的，因为它发出大量可见光谱的光。当太阳位于天空较低的位置时，大气消光的增加会使太阳呈现黄色或橙色，因此太阳通常被描述为黄色。恒星的亮度从比太阳亮 1000 多倍到比太阳暗 1000 多倍不等，但更亮的恒星相对较少；太阳比银河系中的大多数恒星（可能约 85%）更亮（也更重）。
对于天文学家来说，太阳之所以有趣，是因为它距离我们很近，这意味着太阳表面可以被更细致地分辨出来，从而可以对太阳的结构和现象进行研究。例如，对与太阳磁场有关的太阳活动的详细研究可以包括：太阳黑子（较冷的区域）、耀斑（短暂的闪光），甚至日冕物质抛射（从太阳抛出的带电粒子）。物理学家还从太阳内核探测到被称为中微子的基本粒子；这是核聚变过程的直接证据。氦元素首次在太阳光谱中被探测到，因此被命名为 "氦"，它来自希腊神话中的太阳神赫利俄斯（Helios）。
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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval
The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".
Related Media
Winter Haloes, by Thomas Gigl, Germany
Credit: Thomas Gigl/IAU OAE
License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons
太阳黑子
Credit: NASA/SDO/HMI credit link
License: PD Public Domain icons
太阳耀斑
Credit: NASA/SDO credit link
License: PD Public Domain icons
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