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Glossary term: 广义相对论

Description: “广义相对论”发表于 1915 年,是爱因斯坦将空间、时间和引力联系起来的理论。在该理论中,引力不是一种普通的力。相反,质量或其他引力源会扭曲其附近的空间和时间。这种扭曲会改变自由落体的运动方式。例如,当行星绕太阳运行时,并不是因为有吸引力--而是因为行星在扭曲的空间和时间中(或者更准确地说:在 "时空 "中,因为在爱因斯坦的理论中,时空是统一的)直线运动。广义相对论的核心方程,即爱因斯坦方程,描述了时空几何与该时空所含物质的质量及其性质(具体来说是能量密度或质量密度,以及压强)之间的联系。套用约翰-惠勒(John Wheeler)的说法,通过爱因斯坦场方程,物质告诉时空如何弯曲,而时空则告诉物质如何运动。爱因斯坦的理论预测了天体运行轨道的修正,在太阳系中可以通过对水星轨道近日点进动现象观察到。而这一现象在两个非常致密的天体相互绕行这类的双中子星系统中更为明显。此外,在卫星导航系统中,广义相对论描述重力对时钟的影响也发挥了作用。该理论还预言了新的现象,这些现象已成为天体物理学重要的一部分:光线偏折,可观测到所谓的引力透镜效应;黑洞是某些恒星的超紧密终态和星系的中心成分,引力波是获取黑洞合并等信息的一种方式。广义相对论还是宇宙膨胀模型的基础。

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