Glossary term: 热辐射
Description: 所有物体都会发出与其温度直接相关的电磁辐射。这种辐射称为热辐射。在足够高的温度下,有些热辐射是肉眼可见的,例如:滚烫的炉灶、加热元件或火钳会发出红光;熔化的金属会发出黄白色的光;在某些焊接过程中会发出蓝白色的光,因此聪明的焊工需要佩戴护目镜。对于较冷的物体,我们看不到发光,但这些物体会发出红外线范围内的热辐射或无线电波。
最简单的热辐射形式是 "黑体辐射":黑体辐射 "是由一个理想物体发出的热辐射,该物体无视波长大小,吸收所有进入的辐射。该辐射的光谱(辐射能量如何在不同波长之间分布的信息)由一个称为普朗克曲线的数学函数控制,它只取决于物体的温度。普朗克曲线还规定,热辐射输出的总能量随温度的升高而陡增。
我们从恒星中接收到的辐射就是比较符合普朗克曲线的热辐射。因此,我们可以为每颗恒星设定一个 "有效温度"。温度为 5500 摄氏度(5780 开尔文)的太阳闪耀着各种颜色,加起来就是我们定义的白色。有效温度较低的恒星呈现红色,如红巨星或红矮星。温度较高的恒星呈现蓝色,通常非常明亮。在几万甚至几百万度的温度下,大部分热辐射都是在紫外线、X 射线甚至伽马射线区域发出的。
热辐射与热平衡的概念有关。如果物体的温度相同,它们就处于热平衡状态。热辐射是物体努力与弥漫整个空间的电磁场达到热平衡的结果。
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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval
The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".
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