Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会（IAU）OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别荣誉奖作品。 这张照片于2021年10 月在埃及西奈半岛圣凯瑟琳的达尔艾德拍摄，展示了昴星团——一个被俗称“七姐妹星”的疏散星团。 昴星团位于金牛座的西北部。金牛座源自古巴比伦人甚至苏美尔人的信仰，它被当时的人们称为天牛，是天神所拥有的强大生物。在巴比伦晚期，昴星团被称为“牛背上的鬃毛”。在中国，这个星宿也被称为“毛发”（译者注：其实“昴”并没有“毛发”的含义，可能仅仅是其读音与“毛”相似，使作者产生了误解），但这并不一定意味着东亚和西亚对这个星宿的称呼有任何联系，尽管有人假设这两个文明通过丝绸之路的建立而进行了交流。 在古巴比伦的文献中，并没有出现将昴星团称为“毛发”的记载。相反，昴星团在苏美尔语中被称为“星团”，而苏美尔语中的这个词被后来的语言作为借词所引入。苏美尔和巴比伦早期的宗教将所有星座与特定的神灵联系在一起，包括天神、恶魔、神使。昴星团与一位被称为“七”的冥界神灵有关，被认为是七种会说话的武器或全副武装的神灵的集合体。后来希腊人将其命名为“七姐妹星”，可能是源于不同文化间对这一古老宗教联系的误解，因为事实上并不能在这个星团中看到七颗星。 昴星团在天空中确实非常显眼，因此被用于多种文化目的，如确定历法和春分。然而，在文化天文学中，它的重要性经常被夸大。由于用七个圆点表示昴星团的传统源于古代苏美尔信仰，因此将石器时代以来欧洲、亚洲和美洲的洞穴墙壁和考古遗址上的七个圆点解释为昴宿星团时，我们应该慎重起见。 现代天体物理学发现，昴星团非常年轻，因此在古代肯定没有额外的恒星。此外，我们还知道，昴星团中所见的明亮恒星只是整个疏散星团的核心区域，该星团其实由散布在天空中的数百颗恒星组成，在任何方向的延展尺度都超过明亮核心的一到两个直径。这张照片甚至没有显示出整个星团。昴星团距离地球大约400光年，从天文学的角度来说是比较近的。
Credit: Mohamed Usama/IAU OAE

Caption: The constellation Andromeda showing the bright stars and surrounding constellations. Andromeda is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Cassiopeia, Lacerta, Pegasus, Pisces, Aries, Triangulum and Perseus. The brightest star in Andromeda (Alpheratz) is in the lower part of the constellation. Together with three stars in Pegasus it forms the asterism known as the "Great Square of Pegasus". The next two bright stars in the constellation (Mirach and Almach) form a line extending north-east from Alpheratz. Andromeda is a northern constellation and is most visible in the evenings in the Northern Hemisphere autumn. It is visible from all of the Northern Hemisphere and most temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere but is not visible from Antarctic and Subantarctic regions. The most famous object in Andromeda, the Andromeda Galaxy is marked here with a red ellipse and its Messier catalog number M31. The yellow circle on the left marks the position of the open cluster NGC 752 and the green circle on the right marks NGC 7662 (the blue snowball nebula), a planetary nebula. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Scorpius (often commonly called Scorpio) along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Scorpius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Ophiuchus, Serpens Caput, Libra, Lupus, Norma, Ara, Corona Australis and Sagittarius. Scorpius’s brightest star Antares appears in the heart of the constellation with the famous tail of Scoprius in the south-east (lower left). Scorpius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun only spends a short amount of time in late November in Scorpius. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Scorpius. Scorpius lies south of the celestial equator. The whole constellation is not visible from the most arctic regions of the world with parts of Scorpius obscured for observers in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Scorpius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The yellow circles mark the positions of the open clusters M6, M7 & NGC 6231 while the yellow circles with plus signs superimposed on them mark the globular clusters M4 and M80. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The circle around Antares indicates that it is a variable star. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line marks the ecliptic, the path the Sun appears to travel across the sky over the course of one year. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Sagittarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Sagittarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scorpius, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Microscopium and Capricornus. The brighter stars in Sagittarius form a distinctive teapot shape. Sagittarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Sagittarius from mid December to mid January. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Sagittarius. Sagittarius lies south of the celestial equator. The famous teapot asterism is visible for all but the most arctic regions of the world but the most southerly parts of the constellation are not visible in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Sagittarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* which lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is sits on the western (here right-hand) edge of Sagittarius. Due to it covering an area at the center of our Galaxy, Sagittarius is home to many star clusters including open clusters (marked here with yellow circles) and globular clusters (marked here with yellow circles with + signs superimposed on them). Three nebulae are also marked here with green squares. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Caption: 宝瓶座及其明亮恒星与周边星座示意图。从顶部开始沿顺时针方向，宝瓶座周边的星座依次为：飞马座、小马座、天鹰座、摩羯座、南鱼座、玉夫座、鲸鱼座和双鱼座。宝瓶座位于黄道上。从地球看来，太阳以一年为周期在天球上移动，所经过的路径称为黄道，在图中以蓝色实线标注。太阳在每年二月中旬到三月中旬位于宝瓶座。太阳系中的其他行星也经常出现在宝瓶座。 宝瓶座横跨天赤道，因此在地球上的任何地方，一年中的某些时候都能看到它。在地球南北两极，宝瓶座的某些部分可能不可见。宝瓶座在北半球的秋季和南半球的春季夜晚最适宜观测。 球状星团M2和M72在图中以叠加了十字符号的黄色圆圈标注。行星状星云NGC 7293（螺旋星云）和NGC 7002（土星状星云）在图中以叠加了十字符号的绿色圆圈标注。M73在图中以叉号标注，它是一个偶然形成的恒星群，之前被错误归类为疏散星团。 该图的纵轴为赤纬，横轴为赤经，方向为上北下南左东右西。图中标注的恒星大小对应其视星等——衡量天体视亮度的标准，较大的圆点代表着较亮的恒星。图中的希腊字母标注着星座中最亮的恒星。这些恒星按亮度排序，最亮的一般被标记为α星，第二亮的一般为β星，等等，不过这种字母排序并不总是和实际亮度排序完全一致。图中虚线标注的是国际天文学联合会划定的星座边界，绿色实线则是一种常见的星座形象连线。需要注意的是，在实际观测时，这些边界与连线都不会出现在天空中。
Credit: 由国际天文学联合会天文教育办公室根据国际天文学联合会/《天空与望远镜》的原文改编

Caption: The constellation Crux (commonly known as the Southern Cross or Crux Australis) showing its bright stars and surrounding constellations. The Southern Cross is surrounding by (going clockwise from the top) Centaurus, Carina and Musca. The brightest star is alpha Crucis which appears at the bottom of the constellation's famous kite shape. The Southern Cross is visible from southern and equatorial regions of the world. In more southerly parts of the world it is circumpolar so is always above the horizon. In other parts of the southern hemisphere and in equatorial regions it is most visible in the evenings in the southern hemisphere autumn. The yellow circles show the locations of two open clusters, NGC 4755 (known as the Jewel Box) and NGC 4609. The line joining gamma and alpha Crucis (the third and first brightest stars in the Southern Cross) points in the approximate direction of the South Celestial Pole. This has led to the Southern Cross playing an important role in celestial navigation, allowing navigators from different astronomical traditions to find their bearings. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope.