Caption: 2022 年国际天文学联合会 OAE 天体摄影比赛第二名，类别：天体图案的时间流逝。 天狼星是夜空中最亮的恒星，它时而升起，时而落下，时而掠过。有时还能看到猎户座、金牛座和昴星团等星座和小行星。在第一个场景中，上述星座被半透明的金色面纱遮住。接下来的场景中，它在深蓝色的夜空中升起。在其中一个场景中，一颗行星明亮地点缀着暗淡的双鱼座。 这些视频是在地球上各种景观和文化遗产的上空拍摄的。其中一些只是简单地展示了沙漠中的古迹，而另一些则展示了挥舞着树叶的棕榈树。 2022年IAU OAE天文摄影大赛天体运动时间序列类别二等奖 天狼星是夜空中最亮的恒星，照片中展现了它的升起、落下及穿越天空的轨迹。有时还能看到星座和星群，包括猎户座、金牛座和昴星团。在第一场景中，这些星座被半透明的金色薄雾笼罩。接下来的场景展示了它在深蓝色夜空中升起的情景。在其中一个场景中，一颗明亮的行星点缀在微弱的双鱼座星群中。 这些视频取景于地球上的多种自然景观和文化遗址。一些画面展示了沙漠中的历史遗迹，而另一些则拍摄了带有摇曳棕榈树的风景。
Credit: 阿米尔雷扎·卡姆卡尔/国际天文学联合会教育办公室

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This image, taken in Slovakia in January 2022, shows regions of the Milky Way and a rich variety of constellations. The summer constellations of the northern hemisphere are very low in the sky towards the bottom-right. The bright stars of Cygnus and Lyra shine through the artificial lights at the horizon. The huge array of northern winter and autumn constellations with many bright stars are associated with diverse cultural stories. For the Lakota people in North America the belt of the Orion constellation represents the spine of a bison (“Tayamnicankh”). Orion, the Hunter of Greek mythology, is sometimes described chasing the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades. The Arabs transformed this view by considering the follower of the Pleiades only one star instead of a constellation. Aldebaran, the star in the right eye of Taurus, the Bull, comes from this interpretation, because the name Aldebaran derives from al-dabaran, The Follower. At the bottom-right, on the horizon, we can see the milky lightcone of the Zodiacal light stretching from the constellation Pisces through Aries, almost reaching the Pleiades, indicating the path of the planets and the Moon in this area. The Pleiades and the Hyades together form a gate on this path, where the heavenly bodies occasionally pass before entering the Milky Way. The planets were considered sheep in ancient Babylon and the modern constellation Orion was considered the “True Shepherd” of the Sky, with his shepherd’s tool reaching the ecliptic. In Roman tradition, the bright white star above the Pleiades and the Milky Way is called Capella, the Goat, which can be traced back to an Egyptian constellation in this area. Above the treetop in the middle-right part of the image, we see the autumn square, the Andromeda Galaxy and the W-shaped pattern of Cassiopeia. To the left of this group, in the central part of the visible Milky Way, is the constellation Perseus, with Cepheus in the dark area above Cassiopeia completing the celestial family. The Andromeda saga is a Greek story from the area that is now called Israel, and is rooted in Syrian traditions. The location of Andromeda was considered by the ancient Babylonians as the location of the goddess of sexual love, and by the Syrians as the location of the goddess of fertility. According to the saga, Andromeda was chained to a rock at the coast of Jaffa (Tel Aviv) in order to protect her land from a sea monster. The name of the hero who rescued her is Perseus, probably meaning “from Persia” (today’s Iran). Noticeable in the valley are the lights from towns. The yellow light above the horizon indicates larger cities there, which are given away by their light pollution.
Credit: Robert Barsa/IAU OAE

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会（IAU）OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别荣誉奖作品。 这张照片展示了年轻的月牙，其右侧是昴星团中的九颗最亮的恒星（其中一颗被云层遮挡）。照片中央是水星，看上去略带红色。 这幅图片更倾向于表明昴星团可能由七颗星组成。然而，观察者被云层误导了——五颗星组成了一辆小战车，一颗紧挨着车把，另外三颗在四边形的另一端。如果没有云层，八颗星将清晰可见。 蛾眉月与昴星团相伴的这种天象仅在北半球的春天才能看到。因此，古巴比伦人利用它来确定一年中的第二个月，并判断是否需要闰月。至少早在公元前第二个千年，巴比伦人就利用多个星群来确定月份。每隔五天，下一个星群就会在隐没于日光后再次出现。为了确定闰年的必要性，使太阳年和阴历年同步，巴比伦人使用了多个星群，而不仅仅是昴星团。例如，他们还利用了明亮的心宿二和天狼星，并观测到了它们伴月的天象以及偕日升的天象。现代犹太教和现代伊斯兰教仍在遵循传统，使用巴比伦的一些天文规则。然而，鉴于星座由于岁差而发生了移动，而且如今我们也有了计算历法的手段，这种蛾眉月和昴星团相伴的天象就不再那么有用了，尽管它依然如此优美。因此，古巴比伦和中巴比伦的传统仅存留了基本的形式。此外，长期以来一直声称青铜时代欧洲的内布拉星盘上描绘了这种天象，但这种说法不太可能属实。 本照片于2022年5月在意大利厄尔巴岛拍摄。
Credit: Giulio Colombo/ IAU OAE

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会（IAU）OAE天文摄影比赛静态天体图案类别荣誉奖作品。 这张照片于2021年10 月在埃及西奈半岛圣凯瑟琳的达尔艾德拍摄，展示了昴星团——一个被俗称“七姐妹星”的疏散星团。 昴星团位于金牛座的西北部。金牛座源自古巴比伦人甚至苏美尔人的信仰，它被当时的人们称为天牛，是天神所拥有的强大生物。在巴比伦晚期，昴星团被称为“牛背上的鬃毛”。在中国，这个星宿也被称为“毛发”（译者注：其实“昴”并没有“毛发”的含义，可能仅仅是其读音与“毛”相似，使作者产生了误解），但这并不一定意味着东亚和西亚对这个星宿的称呼有任何联系，尽管有人假设这两个文明通过丝绸之路的建立而进行了交流。 在古巴比伦的文献中，并没有出现将昴星团称为“毛发”的记载。相反，昴星团在苏美尔语中被称为“星团”，而苏美尔语中的这个词被后来的语言作为借词所引入。苏美尔和巴比伦早期的宗教将所有星座与特定的神灵联系在一起，包括天神、恶魔、神使。昴星团与一位被称为“七”的冥界神灵有关，被认为是七种会说话的武器或全副武装的神灵的集合体。后来希腊人将其命名为“七姐妹星”，可能是源于不同文化间对这一古老宗教联系的误解，因为事实上并不能在这个星团中看到七颗星。 昴星团在天空中确实非常显眼，因此被用于多种文化目的，如确定历法和春分。然而，在文化天文学中，它的重要性经常被夸大。由于用七个圆点表示昴星团的传统源于古代苏美尔信仰，因此将石器时代以来欧洲、亚洲和美洲的洞穴墙壁和考古遗址上的七个圆点解释为昴宿星团时，我们应该慎重起见。 现代天体物理学发现，昴星团非常年轻，因此在古代肯定没有额外的恒星。此外，我们还知道，昴星团中所见的明亮恒星只是整个疏散星团的核心区域，该星团其实由散布在天空中的数百颗恒星组成，在任何方向的延展尺度都超过明亮核心的一到两个直径。这张照片甚至没有显示出整个星团。昴星团距离地球大约400光年，从天文学的角度来说是比较近的。
Credit: Mohamed Usama/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   Taken in Romania in August 2012, this image shows two of the most recognisable constellations in the sky, Orion and Taurus. Orion, the Hunter, is found near the horizon. The most prominent star visible in this image is Betelgeuse, while the asterism of Orion’s belt is formed by three aligned bright stars. Just above Orion we can find Taurus, one of the constellations of the Zodiac. As the Zodiac is inherited from Babylon, The Bull of Heaven represents a mighty but dangerous creature that was defeated by King Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. They cut the Bull in half and sacrificed the animal to the gods in order to protect their people. Taurus is also home to the star cluster Pleiades, also known as the Seven Sisters. Two planets are visible: Venus, the bright spot near the fence, and Jupiter, the bright spot at the top, next to the Bull’s face. Different cultures have included the stars of these constellations in their own mythology. The Romanians, for instance, after Christianisation identified four other constellations using some of the stars of Orion and others surrounding it. One such constellation is called Trisfetitele (the Three Saints), which is associated with the three stars comprising Orion's Belt, representing the Three Hierarchs Basil, Gregory and John. This same asterism is also called Three Wise Men, Kings from the East or just Three Kings — all of these names being rooted in the Christian religion. The agricultural calendar, in contrast, led farmers to define two other constellations, the Little Plough and the Sickle. Both are seen in the southern half of the Orion rectangle; the Little Plough is drawn by connecting the southern quadrilateral with Orion’s left shoulder, and the Sickle is formed by connecting Orion’s left foot (Rigel) with the belt stars, forming an arch and completing the form of a hoe. In the cultural calendar, these constellations were used to announce the harvest of wheat/grain. Finally, the fourth Romanian constellation is the Great Auger, where Orion’s belt represents the handle of the auger, and Betelgeuse is the tip, facing towards Pollux in Gemini. This constellation is associated with treasure, as Romanian peasants believe that the Auger points to the treasure when they approach the end of the world. Most of the official star names in Orion are Arabic; Mintaka (meaning “belt”) is at the waist; Alnitak (meaning “girdle”) and Alnilam (meaning “string”) are at the belt; and Rigel (meaning foot) is at the left foot. The star on the left shoulder is named Bellatrix, the Latin term for a female warrior. The star at the right leg is called Saiph, for the sword or sabre of the Arabic Orion.
Credit: Alex Conu/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   Taken near Lake Misurina in the Veneto region of Italy in February 2019, this image shows a clear and starry sky over a winter landscape. We can see part of the Milky Way arc. From the left side, towards the south-east, we see Sirius, "The Burner" in Greek, the brightest star in the night sky. It is part of the constellation Canis Major, The Great Dog, one of the dogs of Orion, the great hunter, in Greek mythology. Orion’s other dog, Canis Minor, the Small Dog, is represented by the bright star Procyon and its fainter neighbours. The Greek star name means “The One [rising] before The Dog” and the star is seen at the top left side of the image just above the arc of the Galaxy. Orion lies to the right of Canis Major. We can spot its characteristic “belt”, an asterism composed of three bright stars aligned in a straight line.  Above the treetops to the right of Orion, the open star clusters of the Hyades and the Pleiades in the constellation Taurus, the Bull, are visible. According to ancient lore, these two clusters form a Celestial Gate directly next to the intersection of the great circles of the ecliptic and the Milky Way. In Greco-Roman mythology, Taurus is associated with the god Zeus who is said to have used a bull to seduce the Phoenician princess Europa. Above the constellation Taurus, we can see a bright star just above the arc of the Galaxy. This is Capella, the brightest star of the constellation Auriga, The Charioteer. This is one of the 88 modern constellations and is associated with the Greek hero Erichthonius of Athens. Hindu astronomy considers Capella as the heart of Brahma, one of the three major gods. The indigenous people of Bororo in Brazil have a constellation representing a cayman, comprising some of the stars of Auriga and some stars from neighbouring constellations. To the right of Taurus, we find the modern constellation Perseus with the bright double star cluster h+chi Perseii, which represents the metal of Perseus’s sabre in Greek mythology. Perseus is the hero who was sent out to prove himself, and happened to rescue Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus as the Roman poet Ovid wrote. We can also see the constellation Cassiopeia, associated with the queen and mother of Andromeda in Greek mythology. It is composed of five bright stars in the shape of a W, which was considered the asterism of The Key by the Greeks according to the poet Aratus. The recognisable shape is also associated with other mythologies: for instance, it represents the princess Sharmishtha in Hindu astronomy, a bat in Thailand, and a camel in native Arabic astronomy. In the gap between the trees, the Andromeda Galaxy is visible.
Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE

Caption: 这幅照片捕捉到了火星的天体华尔兹，它在固定恒星的背景下展示了引人入胜的逆行运动。火星在其轨道上出现逆行现象，是由于地球和火星绕太阳运行的速度不同。地球的运动速度较快，偶尔会领先于火星，从我们的角度看去，就会产生这颗红色星球发生了逆行运动的错觉。当火星和太阳分别位于地球的两侧，即所谓的“火星冲日”时，这种逆行运动就会发生。从2022年8月14日到2023年4月5日，智能手机拍摄的这幅火星图像见证了摄影师在菲律宾巴丹的宁静环境中的坚持不懈和精益求精。摄影师经历着变幻莫测的天气和不断变化的天体排列，每隔五到八天就精心拍摄一次。在整个过程中，摄影师没有使用任何外部镜头或望远镜拍摄到了35幅不同的火星图像，并需要将它们与一幅展现了广袤星空的背景图像进行对齐。这幅背景图像由54帧叠加而成，每帧曝光15秒。融合这些图像需要对它们进行精确对齐，并对火星进行裁剪，以便使其位置居中，从而在星空背景下显示火星的逆行。这一复杂的过程通过遮罩将图像完美无缝地融入背景，突出了火星独特的运动轨迹。在图像的右下角，可以看到昴星团。
Credit: Rob Kerby Guevarra/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: The constellation Taurus along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Taurus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Perseus, Aries, Cetus, Eridanus, Orion, Gemini and Auriga. Taurus’s brightest star Aldebaran appears in the middle of the constellation. Taurus lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Taurus from mid May to late June. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Taurus. Taurus lies mostly north of the celestial equator with a small part in the celestial southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is visible at some point in the year to whole planet except for the Antarctic and a small region around the North Pole. Taurus is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. In the eastern part of Taurus we can find the supernova remnant M1 (commonly known as the Crab Nebula), marked here with a green square. In Taurus’s north-east find one of the sky’s most famous open stars clusters M45 (the Pleiades), marked here with a yellow circle. Many of the stars near Aldebaran (but not) Aldebaran are members of another star cluster, the Hyades. However this cluster is close to the solar system so is too dispersed on the sky to have a Messier object designation like the Pleiades has. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope