Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 (IAU) 天文教育辦公室 (OAE) 天體攝影比賽，伽利略衛星類第三名：《木星的自轉》，作者 Vishal Sharma，來自印度。 這幅延時攝影作品精美地展示了木星的自轉，以及畫面右側經過的兩顆伽利略衛星。木星自轉一圈只需不到 10 個小時，我們可以看到大紅斑從左向右移動。在這短短的時間內，兩顆衛星明顯沿著它們的軌道前進了一段距離。這張照片是 2020 年在印度北部拍攝的。
Credit: Vishal Sharma/IAU OAE

Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽伽利略衛星類第二名。 這組照片展示了四顆伽利略衛星圍繞木星運行的軌道。從中幾乎可以看到最內側的衛星木衛一艾奧的兩個完整軌道，其他衛星（木衛二歐羅巴和木衛三加尼美得，尤其是木衛四卡利斯托）距離較遠，運行速度明顯較慢。這些圖像是在2018年由Las Cumbres全球天文臺在地球上不同地點拍攝的，因此可以在大約半個星期內連續拍攝一系列圖像，白天也沒有間隙。在天空晴朗的條件下，連續幾個夜晚，也可以用雙筒望遠鏡觀測到伽利略衛星的運動（最好將手肘穩穩地放在地面上）。
Credit: Nicolas Hurez，Paul-Antoine Matrangolo 和 Carl Pennypacker/IAU OAE

Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽伽利略衛星類第一名。 這幅木星的延時攝影是於2017 年從德國拍攝的，作品精美地展示了伽利略衛星之一木衛一在木星前的凌星現象。由於這只是衛星在行星上投下影子，因此相當於從更遠的地方觀測地球上的月食。雖然衛星的影子從一開始就清晰可見，但在木星美麗的大氣帶背景下，第一次觀看視頻時可能很難發現衛星本身。反復觀看可以欣賞到這一奇妙的快速運動和旋轉過程。
Credit: Ralf Burkart/IAU OAE

Caption: 這是 2014 年 4 月 21 日利用哈勃的寬視場相機3號 (WFC3) 拍攝的木星全盤視圖。它展示了明顯的大紅斑，一個巨大的氣旋。木星表面覆蓋著雲帶，其顏色來自氨等氣體和其他化合物。
Credit: 美國國家航空航天局、歐空局和 A. Simon（戈達德太空飛行中心） credit link

Caption: 2022 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影競賽 "延時天體圖案 "類別榮譽獎。 這幅延時攝影作品是 2020 年 8 月在斯洛伐克拍攝的。通過在部分畫面中固定天空與地球自轉的相對運動，作為觀眾的我們可以體驗到不同的視角。 銀河系，我們的家園星系，在整段視頻中清晰可見。銀河附近明亮的天體是木星和土星，它們靠得很近，其中木星更亮。 這段視頻還展示了業餘天文學家用望遠鏡對準天空觀測英仙座流星雨的互動過程。天文觀測的一個遺憾是，有時雲層會突然遮住整個天空。雲霧出現的主要原因是雨後溼度較大。 天空中的大部分亮線都是由衛星造成的，但其中有些出現的時間很短，也不是很明顯，它們是流星，因為這段視頻是在英仙座流星雨高峰期前後拍攝的。
Credit: Robert Barsa/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This image, taken from the Avenue of Baobabs, Morondava, Madagascar, in July 2017, shows the majestic band of the Milky Way, our home galaxy, together with a rich collection of constellations and asterisms: Crux, Centaurus, Scorpius, Sagittarius and the Teapot asterism. Towards the bottom left of the image we can see the Southern Cross and the pointer stars Alpha (the brighter of the two) and Beta Centauri, which help to distinguish it from similar-looking configurations. Some cultures in Africa associate the Southern Cross with a giraffe, while others associate the constellations with a pride of lions or even with the Tree of Life. Antares, the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius, is the orange-red star straight up from the middle baobab tree. To the Pokomo people from southwestern Kenya, Africa, the Milky Way is associated with the smoke emanating from a campfire lit by ancient people. The various people in South Africa, in contrast, have different star tales; the Khoikhoi from the region around Cape Town explained the colours of the red and white stars as red and white roots that were roasted on a fire and thrown towards the sky together with the ashes of the fire. The Xhosa from further east consider the Milky Way the raised bristle of a huge angry dog, while the Zulu from near Johannesburg interpret it as a stream of spears of their strongest warriors. Polynesian people, who were adept seafarers and navigators, see the constellation Scorpius as a fish hook, and refer to it as the demigod Maui’s Fish Hook. For the Djab Wurrung and the Jardwadjali people, the Southern Cross is part of a Dreamtime Story involving Tchingal, the Bram-bram-bult brothers (the pointer stars), their mother Druk (Delta Crux), and Bunya, the hunter who gets changed into a possum (Gacrux, red star at the top of the Southern Cross). In this image, the planets Saturn (the bright point above Antares) and Jupiter (the bright point at the bottom-right of the image close to the trunk of the baobab tree) are visible. Indigenous cultures have various stories associated with the planets, for example Kamilaroi and Wailan people associate Saturn with wunygal, a small bird. The Boorong people of Western Victoria associate Jupiter with Ginabongbearp, the chief of the old spirits (Nurrumbunguttias), who takes the totemic form of the sulphur-crested white cockatoo.
Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAE

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會（IAU）OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別獲獎作品。 這幅全天圖像展示的是2019年5月在日本長野看到的銀河系越過天頂的景象。這種全天空圖像可以用魚眼鏡頭拍攝，也可以用地面上的凸面鏡拍攝，後者也可以顯示出拍攝者。 在這幅圖像中可以看到夜空中最亮的幾顆恆星，以及太陽系中的兩顆巨行星——木星和土星。木星是本圖底部最亮的一點，而土星則是銀河系另一側的另一個亮點，位於底部，緊挨著地平線。 在銀河的正右方、木星的下方，我們可以看到一顆明亮的紅色恆星——心宿二，它是日本星宿“心宿”的主星。日本星宿源於中國古代的星宿，只做了很小的改動，甚至沒有改動。在這一傳統中，“心宿”是“四象”之一“蒼龍”的心臟，代表著春天。在巴比倫和希臘羅馬的傳統中，這個區域被認為是天蠍的心臟。在巴比倫宗教中，這顆星與母神的孩子李斯有關，但在希臘神話中，由於它的顏色，它與火星有關。紅色也使這顆恆星在中國被稱為“大火星”。我們知道，這種顏色是由它相對較低的溫度造成的。 從心宿二向右移動，我們會看到天空中更靠北的部分。圖像右下方靠近地平線的亮星是位於現代的牧夫座的大角星。心宿二及其周圍天區被認為是蒼龍的心臟，而大角星和角宿一（位於地平線之下）則是兩個僅含有單星的星群，構成了蒼龍的巨角。在圖像右側的地平線邊緣，從上方向它指去的，是北斗七星的柄，它是大熊座的一部分。 銀河右側、圖像中間上方的亮點是織女星，位於現代的天琴座。向銀河的另一側連一條線，在圖像的下方一點，我們可以看到牛郎星，位於天鷹座。從那裡我們可以再將一條線連到天鵝座最亮的恆星——牛郎星，這顆星在圖像中的位置也稍高一些，完全被銀河淹沒了。這三顆明亮的恆星組成了北半球被稱為“夏季大三角”的星群。
Credit: Ohnishi Kouji/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns. This image composition is amazing. In the far background of the landscape we see a chain of mountains that seems to mirror the structure of the Milky Way in the sky above. The strong daylight-like colours of the landscape are caused by the Moon, the bright light at the top of the image. Taken in Kinabalu, Malaysia, in February 2019, this image shows the alignment of planets and the Moon, conveying the idea of the ecliptic as the central line of the Zodiac, the plane within which all planets orbit the Sun. The ecliptic is the central line of the Zodiac, so the region of about five to 10 degrees either side of the ecliptic is where the constellations of the Zodiac are located. Starting from the horizon towards the bottom left of the image we can see the planets Venus, Saturn and Jupiter. The planets have different cultural significance for people around the world, and are deeply embedded in social, religious and practical aspects of life. For example, Wardaman traditions of Indigenous Australians associate the planets with ancestor spirits who traverse the Celestial Road (ecliptic). The appearance and disappearance of planets in the sky are associated with various ceremonies. For example, when Venus starts being the “Morning star” after having been the “Evening star”, this marks the Banumbirr ceremony for the Yolnu people of Arnhem Land, in Australia. The image also shows the constellations Scorpius, Aquila, Lupus and Triangulum Australe, the asterism of the Teapot, and the two pointer stars Alpha and Beta Centauri. The constellations, asterisms and individual stars within them have significance in many different cultures. Malaysia, being close to the equator, has had connections to the north as well as to the south and almost the whole sky is visible over the course of the year. The star Antares is seen by the Kokatha people of the Western Desert as Kogolongo, the red tailed black cockatoo, while the Boorong refer to it as Djuit, the red-rumped parrot. The two stars which form the stinger of Scorpius (Shaula and Lesath), are called Karik Karik, the Australian Kestrel.
Credit: Likai Lin/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   Taken in Romania in August 2012, this image shows two of the most recognisable constellations in the sky, Orion and Taurus. Orion, the Hunter, is found near the horizon. The most prominent star visible in this image is Betelgeuse, while the asterism of Orion’s belt is formed by three aligned bright stars. Just above Orion we can find Taurus, one of the constellations of the Zodiac. As the Zodiac is inherited from Babylon, The Bull of Heaven represents a mighty but dangerous creature that was defeated by King Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. They cut the Bull in half and sacrificed the animal to the gods in order to protect their people. Taurus is also home to the star cluster Pleiades, also known as the Seven Sisters. Two planets are visible: Venus, the bright spot near the fence, and Jupiter, the bright spot at the top, next to the Bull’s face. Different cultures have included the stars of these constellations in their own mythology. The Romanians, for instance, after Christianisation identified four other constellations using some of the stars of Orion and others surrounding it. One such constellation is called Trisfetitele (the Three Saints), which is associated with the three stars comprising Orion's Belt, representing the Three Hierarchs Basil, Gregory and John. This same asterism is also called Three Wise Men, Kings from the East or just Three Kings — all of these names being rooted in the Christian religion. The agricultural calendar, in contrast, led farmers to define two other constellations, the Little Plough and the Sickle. Both are seen in the southern half of the Orion rectangle; the Little Plough is drawn by connecting the southern quadrilateral with Orion’s left shoulder, and the Sickle is formed by connecting Orion’s left foot (Rigel) with the belt stars, forming an arch and completing the form of a hoe. In the cultural calendar, these constellations were used to announce the harvest of wheat/grain. Finally, the fourth Romanian constellation is the Great Auger, where Orion’s belt represents the handle of the auger, and Betelgeuse is the tip, facing towards Pollux in Gemini. This constellation is associated with treasure, as Romanian peasants believe that the Auger points to the treasure when they approach the end of the world. Most of the official star names in Orion are Arabic; Mintaka (meaning “belt”) is at the waist; Alnitak (meaning “girdle”) and Alnilam (meaning “string”) are at the belt; and Rigel (meaning foot) is at the left foot. The star on the left shoulder is named Bellatrix, the Latin term for a female warrior. The star at the right leg is called Saiph, for the sword or sabre of the Arabic Orion.
Credit: Alex Conu/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This image shows the night sky over Tre Cime di Lavaredo, (Dolomites Natural Park), in the region of Veneto, Italy, in October 2021. The bright spot on the left-hand side is the planet Jupiter, appearing in the constellation Capricorn. To the right of Jupiter and below the two horn stars of Capricorn is the planet Saturn. Just above Jupiter we can see parts of Aquarius, one of the largest constellations and also part of the Zodiac. North of these constellations, left of the Milky Way, there are mostly faint stars. The brighter whitish one in the top left corner is Enif, a binary star in the constellation Pegasus. The Milky Way seems to emerge from a rock like celestial vapour. Roughly centred in the image are two bright stars left and right of the Milky Way: Altair and Vega, respectively. They seem to be separated by the galactic stream, as told in a popular Chinese folk story where they represent a loving couple. Today, in popular astronomy, the fairly bright star at the upper edge of the photograph is added to form a huge triangle with them, the Summer Triangle in the northern hemisphere. Altair is the brightest star of the Babylonian constellation Aquila, the Eagle. In ancient Babylon, it was said that the Eagle was carrying king Etana up in the air so that he could see Earth from above. Next to the Babylonian Eagle was the constellation of the Corpse, that returned only in Roman times when Ptolemy put it below the Eagle as the new sub-constellation “Antinous”. It is seen as the corpse (or soul) of the Roman emperor Hadrian’s favourite who had just died in the Nile. Vega is the bright white star to the right of the Milky Way. It forms part of the small constellation Lyra, famous for hosting the Ring Nebula, which is an impressive planetary nebula — a dying star blowing its gas into space. At the right edge of the image, three stars in a bent row appear rather prominently. This is the handle of the Big Dipper pointing downwards to a bright star close to the horizon: Arcturus, the bright star of the constellation Bootes (Greek: the Ploughman). This kite-like constellation is probably a pagan interpretation of the Babylonian god “Enlil” whose constellation also occupied that place in the sky. The Romans re-interpreted this figure as The Ox-Driver who controlled the Seven Oxen seen in the bright stars of Ursa Major. Directly right of Vega, there is the huge constellation Hercules and below it, directly to the left of Bootes, we find a half-circle of stars comprising the small constellation Corona Borealis, associated with Ariadne, daughter of King Minos of Crete in Greek culture. The lights seen in the bottom left side of the image are due to the reflection of artificial lights in the clouds.
Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE

Caption: 這張照片是 2023 年 2 月在美國賓夕法尼亞州盧澤恩縣上空用智能手機拍攝的，讓我們得以一窺合相現象，這是一種迷人的天文現象，當從我們的視角看到兩個或兩個以上的天體在天空中緊緊相鄰時就會發生這種現象，儘管這些天體實際上並不靠近彼此。在這張照片中，木星（上面）的光輝、金星的魅力（中間）和月亮熟悉的光芒（下麵）在微妙的雲層和樹線輪廓的背景下翩翩起舞，這一刻值得珍藏。
Credit: Joslynn Appel/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 2020 年 5 月，在中國四川高海拔的貢嘎山山頂上，一位孤獨的觀星者站在涼爽的夜風中。他們抬頭仰望，看到了銀河系橫跨天空的壯麗弧線，這張照片是用智能手機的全景模式拍攝的，它在海拔 4200 米處遠離城市燈光的地方拍攝，靜謐的群山突顯了地球與浩瀚宇宙之間的聯繫。我們可以在銀河系中央隆起處看到木星，而地平線上淡淡的綠色氣輝為這一場景增添了一抹迷人的色彩。
Credit: Jianfeng Dai/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)