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Glossary term: 月球

Description: 月球是自身並不發光的天體,但它會反射落在其上的太陽光。這就產生了月球特有的月相。月球是地球唯一的主要天然衛星,其大小和質量在太陽系內的所有天然衛星中排名第五。在英文中,首字母大寫的“Moon”表示月球,而首字母小寫的“moon”則表示太陽系內外的其他天然衛星。與太陽系內的其他衛星相比,月球的體積相對於它所環繞行星的體積的占比是最大的。月球沿圍繞地球的橢圓軌道運行,與地球的平均距離為38.4萬千米。月球沒有大氣層,物質組分與地球類似,內核富含鐵,外層為岩石。這種相似並非偶然:據我們所知,大約45億年前,地球和一顆火星大小的行星碰撞,產生的碎片最終形成了月球,它的大部分物質來自最初的地球地幔。月球表面既有被稱為“月海”的深色區域,也有淺色高地,並布滿了隕擊坑。月球表面積為3.79×107平方千米,體積為2.20×1010立方千米,質量為7.35×1022千克。月球圍繞地球運行的軌道週期的確切數值取決於參考系:相對於遙遠的恆星,月球每27.3天運行一圈(“恆星月”)。對於地球上的觀測者來說,兩個新月之間的間隔時間為29.5天(“朔望月”)。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

This is an automated transliteration of the simplified Chinese translation of this term

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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一名身穿白色宇航服的宇航員站在灰色的月球表面,在登月艙前擺放一件設備。

阿波羅 11 號任務的月面活動

Caption: 美國國家航空航天局宇航員埃德溫·巴茲·奧爾德林在月球上進行艙外活動(EVA)時,在阿波羅11號 "鷹 "月球著陸器前安裝地震儀。尼爾·阿姆斯特朗在1969年人類首次登月任務中拍攝了這張照片。
Credit: 美國國家航空航天局/阿波羅項目檔案 credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons


暈是一種光學現象,在天空中可以看到光的圓圈或弧線。光暈是由明亮物體造成的,例如太陽

塞勒涅與月亮相遇,作者Sheila Wiwchar,加拿大

Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽日/月暈類第一名。 這幅精美的魚眼照片拍攝於加拿大曼尼托巴省的卡萊伊達(Kaleida),捕捉到了環繞月亮的罕見光學現象,即 "22°暈 ",和穿過月亮的水平白圈,即 "幻月環"。與月亮在同一高度環繞整個天空的白色光帶是以古希臘提坦女神塞勒涅的名字命名的,她被稱為月亮女神。由太陽產生的對應現象更常被觀測到,稱為 "幻日環"(parhelic circle),以希臘太陽神赫利俄斯的名字命名。22° 暈和幻月環都是由於月光從近乎垂直的冰晶表面反射而產生的。離月球較近的部分是由於外部反射造成的,而離月球較遠的部分則是內部反射造成的。位於中心的北斗七星讓這幅圖像更加壯觀。你能發現它嗎?
Credit: Sheila Wiwchar/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


一組月球的合成圖。在這一序列中,月球的顏色從灰色變為紅色,再由紅色變回灰色。

紅月,法國丹尼爾·亨利昂作品

Caption: 2021年國際天文學聯合會教育辦公室舉辦的天體攝影比賽月全食類季軍作品。 這是 2015 年 9 月 28 日發生的超級月亮月全食的延時攝影照片。照片記錄了月球穿過地球本影的過程:地球本影於世界協調時凌晨 1 時 07 分接觸月球外緣(左上角),於世界協調時凌晨 4 時 27 分離開月球表面(右下角)。
Credit: 丹尼爾·亨利/國際天文學聯合會教育辦公室

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


崎嶇雪山後的月球。月球的下三分之二部分比上三分之一部分更暗更紅

正發生月食的月亮從多洛米蒂山脈(聯合國教科文組織世界遺產區)普倫德拉岩峰(Rochetta di Prendera )附近落下,作者 Alessandra Masi,意大利

Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽月全食類第一名。 月食發生於滿月進入地球陰影時。這種現象發生在太陽、地球和月球的排布完全或非常接近一條直線時。月球表面反射的紅光是太陽光照射月球途中,穿過地球大氣層時發生折射造成的。較藍的光由於瑞利散射作用消失,因此月球表面呈現紅色。地球陰影在月球表面顯示出的圓形形狀,曾被亞里士多德用作地球是球體的證據之一。這張照片拍攝於2019 年 1 月 21 日,展示了被地球陰影籠罩的月球(月食)在意大利多洛米蒂山脈(聯合國教科文組織世界遺產區)普倫德拉岩峰(Rochetta di Prendera ) 附近落下的景象。
Credit: Alessandra Masi/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


接近滿月的月亮,具有隕石坑、明亮的高原和黑暗的平原

滿月

Caption: 這張圖像展示了用小型望遠鏡和單反相機觀察到的接近滿月的月亮。
Credit: 盧克 維亞圖爾 credit link

License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported icons


新月位於兩顆明亮行星的左側。右側可以看到昴星團。

月球-水星-昴星團相合

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別榮譽獎作品。 這張照片展示了年輕的月牙,其右側是昴星團中的九顆最亮的恆星(其中一顆被雲層遮擋)。照片中央是水星,看上去略帶紅色。 這幅圖片更傾向於表明昴星團可能由七顆星組成。然而,觀察者被雲層誤導了——五顆星組成了一輛小戰車,一顆緊挨著車把,另外三顆在四邊形的另一端。如果沒有雲層,八顆星將清晰可見。 蛾眉月與昴星團相伴的這種天象僅在北半球的春天才能看到。因此,古巴比倫人利用它來確定一年中的第二個月,並判斷是否需要閏月。至少早在公元前第二個千年,巴比倫人就利用多個星群來確定月份。每隔五天,下一個星群就會在隱沒於日光後再次出現。為了確定閏年的必要性,使太陽年和陰曆年同步,巴比倫人使用了多個星群,而不僅僅是昴星團。例如,他們還利用了明亮的心宿二和天狼星,並觀測到了它們伴月的天象以及偕日昇的天象。現代猶太教和現代伊斯蘭教仍在遵循傳統,使用巴比倫的一些天文規則。然而,鑑於星座由於歲差而發生了移動,而且如今我們也有了計算曆法的手段,這種蛾眉月和昴星團相伴的天象就不再那麼有用了,儘管它依然如此優美。因此,古巴比倫和中巴比倫的傳統僅存留了基本的形式。此外,長期以來一直聲稱青銅時代歐洲的內布拉星盤上描繪了這種天象,但這種說法不太可能屬實。 本照片於2022年5月在意大利厄爾巴島拍攝。
Credit: Giulio Colombo/ IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


The bright Moon illuminates a beach. Three bright planets form a line below and to the right of the Moon.

To guard the Stars and the Sea Together

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns. This image composition is amazing. In the far background of the landscape we see a chain of mountains that seems to mirror the structure of the Milky Way in the sky above. The strong daylight-like colours of the landscape are caused by the Moon, the bright light at the top of the image. Taken in Kinabalu, Malaysia, in February 2019, this image shows the alignment of planets and the Moon, conveying the idea of the ecliptic as the central line of the Zodiac, the plane within which all planets orbit the Sun. The ecliptic is the central line of the Zodiac, so the region of about five to 10 degrees either side of the ecliptic is where the constellations of the Zodiac are located. Starting from the horizon towards the bottom left of the image we can see the planets Venus, Saturn and Jupiter. The planets have different cultural significance for people around the world, and are deeply embedded in social, religious and practical aspects of life. For example, Wardaman traditions of Indigenous Australians associate the planets with ancestor spirits who traverse the Celestial Road (ecliptic). The appearance and disappearance of planets in the sky are associated with various ceremonies. For example, when Venus starts being the “Morning star” after having been the “Evening star”, this marks the Banumbirr ceremony for the Yolnu people of Arnhem Land, in Australia. The image also shows the constellations Scorpius, Aquila, Lupus and Triangulum Australe, the asterism of the Teapot, and the two pointer stars Alpha and Beta Centauri. The constellations, asterisms and individual stars within them have significance in many different cultures. Malaysia, being close to the equator, has had connections to the north as well as to the south and almost the whole sky is visible over the course of the year. The star Antares is seen by the Kokatha people of the Western Desert as Kogolongo, the red tailed black cockatoo, while the Boorong refer to it as Djuit, the red-rumped parrot. The two stars which form the stinger of Scorpius (Shaula and Lesath), are called Karik Karik, the Australian Kestrel.
Credit: Likai Lin/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


天空中有三個明亮的天體,一個在左上方,一個在中間,一個在正下方。

木星、金星、月亮合相

Caption: 這張照片是 2023 年 2 月在美國賓夕法尼亞州盧澤恩縣上空用智能手機拍攝的,讓我們得以一窺合相現象,這是一種迷人的天文現象,當從我們的視角看到兩個或兩個以上的天體在天空中緊緊相鄰時就會發生這種現象,儘管這些天體實際上並不靠近彼此。在這張照片中,木星(上面)的光輝、金星的魅力(中間)和月亮熟悉的光芒(下麵)在微妙的雲層和樹線輪廓的背景下翩翩起舞,這一刻值得珍藏。
Credit: Joslynn Appel/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


滿月的表面有深色的月海和淺色的高地

滿花月 2023

Caption: 2023 年 5 月,花月在美國賓夕法尼亞州盧澤恩縣的夜空中投射出璀璨的光芒,該月因北美花朵盛開而得名。儘管最初有雲層遮擋,但月亮的光輝在 23:00 左右破雲而出,創造出迷人的奇觀。這張由智能手機捕捉到的迷人照片不僅紀念了這一天文事件,而且還強調了保護黑夜的重要性。月亮的光輝照亮了錯呲復雜的地球大氣層,散落的雲層更增添了大氣的絢麗多彩。保護這些純淨無瑕的天空對於保持我們與天體奇觀的聯繫至關重要。
Credit: Joslynn Appel/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Lunar rainbow and lunar Brocken spectre, by Kouji Ohnishi, Japan

月虹和月光布羅肯光環,由日本人 Kouji Ohnishi 拍攝

Caption: 2021年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽太陽/月亮光暈類別的季軍。 這張令人驚嘆的照片捕捉到了夜空中月虹和月光布羅肯光環的奇觀,拍攝地點位於日本長野縣飛驒山脈的燕岳。這兩種大氣現象都是由於月光被水滴反射和折射而形成的。月虹或月光虹是一種罕見的現象,只有在特定條件下才會出現:需要有明亮的滿月(月亮高度低於42°)、月亮在一側、雨在月亮的對側,並且夜空足夠黑。布羅肯光環得名於德國哈茨山脈的最高峰——布羅肯山,這是首次記錄到這一現象的地方。在這裡,布羅肯光環從山頂上可見,其表現為觀察者的影子放大投射在雲上,周圍環繞著由同心圓組成的光環。這些光環的中心點正對著背景中明亮的月亮。
Credit: Kouji Ohnishi/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

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