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Glossary term: 天蠍座

Description: 天蠍座是黃道帶上的13個星座之一。組成這個星座的恆星位於與黃道(由地球繞太陽運行的軌跡所確定的平面)相交的那部分天空。事實上,黃道帶上的所有星座都與黃道相交。從地球上看,我們會發現太陽和太陽系的其他行星經常落在天蠍座中。天蠍座是國際天文學聯合會承認的88個星座之一,也是托勒密最初確定的48個星座之一。早在托勒密之前一千多年,蘇美爾人就已經確定了天蠍座。在其他文化中,天蠍座有著不同的名稱:在毛利和波利尼西亞文化中,天蠍座被稱為毛伊的鉤子;而澳大利亞土著群體,如阿納姆地區的約爾努人,則將天蠍座視為鱷魚和蠍子。天蠍座最亮的恆星是大火星(又稱心宿二、天蠍座α),它是一顆紅巨星,距離地球約550光年。

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虯枝盤結的喬木之上,銀河光帶橫貫天幕,左右綴滿星團與亮星,卻被一道寬闊的暗塵帶從中剖分。

猴麵包樹大道上空的銀河

Caption: 2022 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽靜態攝影獲獎作品。 這幅影像展現了銀河的壯麗光帶與南天星空的瑰麗畫卷:南十字座、半人馬座、天蠍座、人馬座及茶壺星群盡收眼底。畫面左下方可見南十字座與指引星半人馬座α星(南門二,較亮)及β星(馬腹一)。非洲部分文化將南十字座解讀為長頸鹿,亦有部落將其視為獅群或生命之樹。 天蠍座最亮星心宿二(Antares)呈現橙紅色,位於中央猴麵包樹正上方。 肯尼亞波科莫人將銀河視為遠古篝火的餘燼煙跡,南非科伊科伊人則用"紅白根莖被投入火中化作紅白星辰"解釋恆星顏色差異。祖魯人視銀河為戰神投擲的矛雨,而科薩人將其想象成暴怒巨犬豎起的鬃毛。 波利尼西亞航海者將天蠍座稱為"毛伊神釣鉤",澳大利亞原住民賈布伍倫和賈德瓦賈利部落則將南十字座融入咪境傳說:丁加爾巨獸、指引星兄弟、母親德爾塔十字星與化作袋貂的獵人本雅共同編織星空史詩。 畫面中可見土星(心宿二上方的亮斑)與木星(右下猴麵包樹幹旁的亮斑)。在原住民傳說中,土星被卡米拉羅伊族視為鷦鷯的化身,維多利亞州布龍族人則將木星與白冠鳳頭鸚鵡形態的祖靈首領吉納邦比爾普相聯繫。
Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAU

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銀河在陡峭海岸線上的一座橋上若隱若現。右上方是明亮的深紅色恆星心宿二。

駕駛途中

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別榮譽獎作品。 這張照片於2021年5月在美國加利福尼亞州山區的大瑟爾拍攝。照片中,銀河橫跨在歷史悠久的比克斯比大橋上空。 岸邊正上方的恆星是心宿二,它是天蠍座心臟部位的一顆紅超巨星。在它的左側,銀河中的團塊似乎與岩石陸地同時從地平線上冒出來。在照片左側的四分之一處,陸地之上、銀河之下,有著另一顆明亮的恆星——牛郎星,它是天鷹座中的明亮恆星。 蠍子被認為是一種危險的動物,因此在古巴比倫的神話故事中,蠍人(人與蠍子的混血後代)守護著冥界之門,《吉爾伽美什史詩》中就有這樣的記載。天鷹座則出現在古巴比倫國王埃塔納的傳奇故事中——埃塔納被一隻老鷹帶到天空,並描述了他在逐漸升高的過程中所看到的世界。吉爾伽美什和埃塔納這兩位英雄都在尋找”生命之草“,但前者向下,後者向上。吉爾伽美什的目標是復活死去的朋友恩基杜,並讓自己長生不老;而埃塔納則是為了幫助妻子懷孕而尋找這種草藥。在尋找生命之草的征途中,這兩位英雄分別獲得了蠍子和老鷹這兩種動物的幫助,但最終都沒有成功。吉爾伽美什最終明白,一個人只有通過為全人類做善事才能得到永生。天鷹座在希臘文化中也得到了認可,但直到羅馬時代,它才成為亡靈的使者,帶著亡靈飛向永恆的星空。當時,托勒密在古典天鷹座的下方創造了一個新的星座——安提諾座,代表著安提諾烏斯的靈魂。這位年輕人是羅馬皇帝哈德良的朋友兼顧問,在《天文學大成》完成之前七年淹死在尼羅河中,羅馬帝國舉行了全國哀悼。 銀河被許多文化視為”靈魂之路“,但在古巴比倫文化中並非如此。不過,在古希臘古羅馬哲學中,在心宿二與牛郎星之間,銀河與黃道相交處的白色明亮部分確實有其含義:柏拉圖、馬克羅比烏斯等哲學家將其稱為”天空中的X“,第二道天門可能就在這裡(第一道天門是由畢星團和昴星團組成的)。 這些天路和天門,被描繪在巨型橋梁以及陸海交匯之處的地景之上,構成了一張極具沖擊力的照片。此外,陸地上方銀河之中存在著黑暗的團塊,在澳大利亞南部一些原住民文化中,它是兩個巨大的黑暗鱷魚星座之一。
Credit: Marcin Zajac/IAU OAE

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非洲草原上方的銀河拱門。銀河的彌散光被一串暗斑打斷。

安波塞利國家公園上空的銀河拱門

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別獲獎作品。 這張照片2016年7月拍攝於肯尼亞安博塞利國家公園,該公園位於赤道附近。 在北非的埃及神話中,銀河被看作神靈所航行的河流。南非的祖魯人將這種由明暗星雲組成的圖案解釋為一種皮膚黑白相間的動物,而南非的科伊科伊人和桑人則認為它是“星路”。在南非的一些文化中,銀河的拱門是一位母神創造的通往天堂的道路——這是19世紀的早期人類學研究所采納的一個南非創世神話,但這一神話如今已經消失。 在照片的右中部,我們可以看到現代天蠍座中明亮的紅色恆星心宿二。照片左上角邊緣是白色的織女星,開普敦附近的人認為它是雄性的駿馬。 澳大利亞原住民對銀河有很多稱呼。澳大利亞北領地阿納姆地區的約爾努(Yolnu)人稱呼銀河為“Milnguya”,意為“天河”。這張照片中的一個突出圖案與銀河的明暗區域對比有關。 這些暗區是由星際塵埃和氣體組成的低溫緻密雲團,阻擋了其背後恆星發出的光線。其中一個突出的圖案被澳大利亞南部幾個土著民族稱為“Tchingal”,意為“天上的鸸鹋”。鸸鹋的頭部和嘴部(即煤袋星雲)位於南十字座(照片右下角)的左下方,身體和腿部則從南十字座向左延伸。其他原住民群體則將暗區與洞穴或水道聯繫在一起。鸸鹋一年四季的朝向提供了重要的線索,表明什麼時候應該採集鸸鹋蛋,什麼時候鸸鹋蛋開始孵化。在某些月份,當這些銀河暗雲靠近地平線時,人們則認為它們不是鸸鹋,而是兩條匍匐前進的鱷魚。 在銀河系中心的上方,可以清楚地看到黑暗的菸斗星雲的現代形象。銀河上方那顆橙紅色的恆星是天蠍座的心宿二,而菸斗的煙霧可以到達心宿二旁邊色彩斑斕的蛇夫座ρ區域。波隆人把心宿二稱為“Djuit”,意為“紅腰鸚鵡”;而西部沙漠的科卡塔人則把心宿二稱為“Kogolongo”,意為“紅尾黑鳳頭鸚鵡”。 此外,照片中還可以看到一些著名的星座:天鵝座、天鷹座、天琴座、天蠍座、人馬座、南十字座和半人馬座。在南非的一些傳統中,指針星——半人馬座α星(南門二)和β星(馬腹一)偶爾被視為野獸的眼睛。
Credit: Amirreza Kamkar/IAU OAE

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一幅全天空圖像展示的銀河,猶如一條漫無邊際的光河,只有中央一條斑駁的暗斑帶將其打破。

橫貫天頂的銀河

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別獲獎作品。 這幅全天圖像展示的是2019年5月在日本長野看到的銀河系越過天頂的景象。這種全天空圖像可以用魚眼鏡頭拍攝,也可以用地面上的凸面鏡拍攝,後者也可以顯示出拍攝者。 在這幅圖像中可以看到夜空中最亮的幾顆恆星,以及太陽系中的兩顆巨行星——木星和土星。木星是本圖底部最亮的一點,而土星則是銀河系另一側的另一個亮點,位於底部,緊挨著地平線。 在銀河的正右方、木星的下方,我們可以看到一顆明亮的紅色恆星——心宿二,它是日本星宿“心宿”的主星。日本星宿源於中國古代的星宿,只做了很小的改動,甚至沒有改動。在這一傳統中,“心宿”是“四象”之一“蒼龍”的心臟,代表著春天。在巴比倫和希臘羅馬的傳統中,這個區域被認為是天蠍的心臟。在巴比倫宗教中,這顆星與母神的孩子李斯有關,但在希臘神話中,由於它的顏色,它與火星有關。紅色也使這顆恆星在中國被稱為“大火星”。我們知道,這種顏色是由它相對較低的溫度造成的。 從心宿二向右移動,我們會看到天空中更靠北的部分。圖像右下方靠近地平線的亮星是位於現代的牧夫座的大角星。心宿二及其周圍天區被認為是蒼龍的心臟,而大角星和角宿一(位於地平線之下)則是兩個僅含有單星的星群,構成了蒼龍的巨角。在圖像右側的地平線邊緣,從上方向它指去的,是北斗七星的柄,它是大熊座的一部分。 銀河右側、圖像中間上方的亮點是織女星,位於現代的天琴座。向銀河的另一側連一條線,在圖像的下方一點,我們可以看到牛郎星,位於天鷹座。從那裡我們可以再將一條線連到天鵝座最亮的恆星——牛郎星,這顆星在圖像中的位置也稍高一些,完全被銀河淹沒了。這三顆明亮的恆星組成了北半球被稱為“夏季大三角”的星群。
Credit: Ohnishi Kouji/IAU OAE

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雲層覆蓋的大地上方,繁星點點的夜空璀璨奪目。左側,明亮的紅色恆星心宿二居於一個鉤狀星群的頂端。

尼加拉瓜馬薩亞省寧迪裡鎮的星空

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別榮譽獎作品。 這張照片是2022年4月在尼加拉瓜蒂斯馬拍攝的。儘管當時正值月夜,但一些星座依然清晰可見。銀河貫穿整個畫面,其最明亮的區域在天空中若隱若現,一部分被地球的雲層所遮蔽。 在照片左側可以看到天蠍座,它是黃道星座之一。我們一眼就能看到這個星座中最亮的恆星——心宿二,它位於一個由三顆恆星組成的星群中央,這個星群仿佛是從雲層中向上生長的花莖,其上的花瓣便是天蠍的額頭。在明亮的月光下,心宿二的橙色並不明顯。組成天蠍額頭的三顆恆星分別是房宿一、房宿三和房宿四,國際天文學聯合會(IAU)最近規定了它們正式的英文星名,以展示星座的全球多樣性。其中,房宿一被命名為Acrab,源自阿拉伯語的“蠍子”一詞;房宿三被命名為Dschubba,源自阿拉伯語的“額頭”一詞;而房宿四被命名為Fang,源自其所屬的中國二十八星宿之一——房宿。天蠍的尾巴延伸至照片底部,其毒刺恰好位於地平線上方的雲層間隙之中。 在照片的中央,半人馬座清晰可見。我們首先可以在雲層之上辨認出南十字座以及兩顆指極星——南門二(半人馬座α星)和馬腹一(半人馬座β星)。這兩顆指極星象徵著半人馬的前蹄,而在基督教誕生前的古代,南十字座的恆星則被認為是半人馬的一條後腿。半人馬前蹄左側是南門二,英文名為Rigil Kentaurus,是阿拉伯語和拉丁語的混合,意為”半人馬之足“;右側是馬腹一,英文名為Hadar,源自阿拉伯語,意為”在地面之上“。它們與南十字座共同構成了這一神話生物馬身的雙腿。而人形軀幹則由肩部的兩顆明亮恆星和頭部的三顆較暗恆星組成。在星空傳說中,這個形象代表的是喀戎,他是唯一一位品德高尚、學識淵博的半人馬,也是所有偉大英雄的導師。 公元1500年左右,那些前往新大陸的基督教航海家們雖然從未在歐洲見過這些星群,但開始利用它們導航。其中包括探險家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇(Amerigo Vespucci),美洲大陸就是以他的名字命名的。他的同船夥伴安德烈亞·科爾薩利(Andrea Corsali)來自佛羅倫薩,著名詩人但丁·阿利吉耶裡(Dante Alighieri)兩個世紀之前在那裡創作了《神曲》。科爾薩利看到南十字座的四顆明亮恆星時,聯想到了但丁的詩篇。或許正是在這樣的背景下,他們偶然間創造了南十字座。起初,航海家們只是將這一星群用於實用目的。但不久後,基督教各個新教派之間爆發了宗教戰爭,這一時期的天文學家們將十字形狀繪製在星圖上,作為團結與反戰的象徵。
Credit: René Antonio Urroz Álvarez/IAU OAE

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Related Diagrams


Libra appears as a triangle pointing north (up) with two lines hanging down. It is bisected by the ecliptic running ESE-WNW

Libra Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Libra along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Libra is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Serpens Caput, Virgo, Hydra, Centaurus, Lupus, Scorpius and Ophiuchus. Libra lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Libra from late October to late November. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Libra. Libra lies just south of the celestial equator and is thus visible at some time in all but the most arctic regions. Libra is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere late spring/early summer and southern hemisphere late autumn/early winter. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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Scorpius appears as a letter T joined to a letter J. The ecliptic runs ESE to WNW and clips one arm of the T

Scorpius Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Scorpius (often commonly called Scorpio) along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Scorpius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Ophiuchus, Serpens Caput, Libra, Lupus, Norma, Ara, Corona Australis and Sagittarius. Scorpius’s brightest star Antares appears in the heart of the constellation with the famous tail of Scoprius in the south-east (lower left). Scorpius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun only spends a short amount of time in late November in Scorpius. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Scorpius. Scorpius lies south of the celestial equator. The whole constellation is not visible from the most arctic regions of the world with parts of Scorpius obscured for observers in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Scorpius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The yellow circles mark the positions of the open clusters M6, M7 & NGC 6231 while the yellow circles with plus signs superimposed on them mark the globular clusters M4 and M80. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The circle around Antares indicates that it is a variable star. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line marks the ecliptic, the path the Sun appears to travel across the sky over the course of one year. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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Sagittarius is shaped like a teapot pouring tea south west. The ecliptic runs WSW to ENE at the top of the constellation

Sagittarius Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Sagittarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Sagittarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scorpius, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Microscopium and Capricornus. The brighter stars in Sagittarius form a distinctive teapot shape. Sagittarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Sagittarius from mid December to mid January. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Sagittarius. Sagittarius lies south of the celestial equator. The famous teapot asterism is visible for all but the most arctic regions of the world but the most southerly parts of the constellation are not visible in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Sagittarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* which lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is sits on the western (here right-hand) edge of Sagittarius. Due to it covering an area at the center of our Galaxy, Sagittarius is home to many star clusters including open clusters (marked here with yellow circles) and globular clusters (marked here with yellow circles with + signs superimposed on them). Three nebulae are also marked here with green squares. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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Ophiuchus appears as a headless stick figure

Ophiuchus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Ophiuchus along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Ophiuchus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Hercules, Serpens Caput, Scorpius, Sagittarius and Serpens Cauda. Ophiuchus is not part of the traditional twelve zodiac constellations but it lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Ophiuchus from late November to mid December. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Ophiuchus. Ophiuchus spans the celestial equator and thus part of the constellation is visible across the whole of the earth at some point in the year. However during the time it is most visible in the evenings (the southern hemisphere winter and northern hemisphere summer) much of the arctic is in perpetual daylight making the stars in the constellation impossible to see. The whole constellation is visible from equatorial and temperate regions of both hemispheres. As Ophiuchus lies close to the galactic center it contains many globular clusters such as M9, M10, M12, M14, M19, M62, and M107. These are marked as yellow circles with plus symbols superimposed. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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天壇座呈現為一個縱向的四邊形,其右側邊比左側邊短。

天壇座星圖

Caption: 天壇座及其位於中央的最亮的恆星,其周圍(按順時針方向)環繞著天蠍座、矩尺座、南三角座、天燕座、孔雀座、望遠鏡座和南冕座。天壇座是一個南天星座,在一年中的某個時間可以在整個南半球觀測到,而在赤道地區可以看到這個星座的部分,而北半球的一些溫帶地區也可以觀測到。天壇座在北半球的夏季和南半球的冬季的夜晚是最佳觀測時期。球狀星團 NGC 6352 和 NGC 6397 位於天壇座內,它們在圖中用黃色十字圈標出。疏散星團 NGC 6193 也位於天壇座內,並在圖中用黃色圓圈標示,但其最亮的成員星遮擋了該標記的部分,該恆星在良好的觀測條件下可以用肉眼看到。圖中標注的恆星的大小與恆星的視星等有關,視星等是衡量恆星視亮度的標準,,較大的點表示較亮的恆星。希臘字母標記了星座中最亮的恆星,通常按亮度排序,最亮的恆星標記為α,次亮者標記為β,以此類推,不過這種排序並不總是有效的。虛線標示出國際天文學聯合會規定的星座邊界,而綠色實線則表示常見的星座連線方式。然而,星座的邊界線以及恆星之間的連線並不會出現在實際夜空中。
Credit: 由國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室根據國際天文學聯合會/《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

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