Caption: Third place in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Time lapses of celestial patterns.   This video tries to cover a huge variety of phenomena in the night sky from different locations — Iceland and China — and is designed like a theatre play, starring mother nature herself. It starts with a blue twilight sky that dims and unveils the starry night sky on the stage with terrestrial clouds on a beautiful landscape. The impressive parts of the southern Milky Way between Scorpius and Crux, with the pointer stars Alpha and Beta Centaurus, are shown passing by majestically. The terrestrial clouds blur the stars and allow us to recognise their colours even more clearly. The first act presents the starry sky in human culture. One scene shows the Pleiades rising over the top of a hill, while a human moves hastily with a flashlight below. At the very moment that the Pleiades rises behind the hill, the beam of the flashlight hits the camera. There is some humour in this remarkable scene referencing the human relationship to the rise of the Pleiades in cultural history. The next scene shows The Big Dipper, Ursa Major, as a typical northern constellation, with an arch of aurora below it. The aurora evolves and moves but does not change much fundamentally. In northern human cultures, aurorae were often interpreted as the ghosts of ancestors, but this play does not spend any time on human beliefs, instead moving the view southwards in the subsequent scenes. First we see some stars rising shortly before sunrise. The lightcone of Zodiacal light appears in Gemini/Taurus and the horizon gets brighter. In the next scene, at about 1 minute and 13 seconds, we see Orion setting over water, so that the water surface mirrors the celestial scene. Some clouds crossing the image prove that the videos were really taken on our beautiful planet, and, since Orion’s shoulder and foot are seen to set almost simultaneously, this sequence must have been captured almost at the equator. In this area, the bright stars of Orion look like a huge butterfly, with Orion’s Belt forming the body, and the quadrilateral of four bright stars interpreted as the wings. As in a real theatre, we now see a curtain before the next act of the heavenly play, an aurora curtain. The next act presents several bright stars in original scenes: the Chinese asterisms of The Tail (of the Azure Dragon), the Winnowing Basket and the Southern Dipper, which are seen in the modern constellations Scorpius and Sagittarius. The striking shape of Corona Borealis that has been recognised as an asterism in many cultures all over the globe, is also shown, as are some planets, the stars Vega and Deneb with adjacent areas, Altair, the Milky Way, and the characteristic W shape of Cassiopeia that has also been an asterism for many cultures on Earth. The outro presents two more scenes with a smooth and silent night sky.
Credit: Stephanie Ye Ziyi/IAU OAE

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會（IAU）OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別榮譽獎作品。 這張照片2021年5月拍攝於印度烏杜皮，顯示了大熊座中最亮的七顆星。這個星群被古巴比倫人視為一駕馬車，這很可能啟發了古希臘詩人阿拉托斯在訓誨詩中將其視為戰車。而古希臘人通常將這七顆星與更廣闊的天區中許多更暗的恆星一起構成一個星座，視為一隻大母熊。 在古埃及，這七顆星組成的圖案被視作公牛前腿或公牛大腿，被認為是塞特神腿的一部分。塞特神被認為是兩兄弟中邪惡的一個，他謀殺了自己的哥哥奧西里斯神（有時被認為是埃及第一位國王）。他們深愛的妹妹把散落的屍體碎片拼湊在一起，使奧西里斯復活。為了防止塞特繼續作惡，這條腿被一根銷子釘在了天上。 這七顆明亮的恆星被中國古代貴族稱為“北斗”，行使著審判的職責。它在法語和荷蘭語中被稱為“湯鍋”，在德語中被稱為“戰車”，在英國英語中被稱為“犁”，在美國英語中被稱為“大勺子”。在北美納瓦霍人的傳說中，北斗七星有著男性形象，被認為是所有星辰和人類的父親，據說他是仙後座對應的母神的丈夫。同樣，在北歐神話中，它被稱為“男人之車”，和小熊座中的“女人之車”并列。在其他一些北方文化，例如因紐特人和西伯利亞人的傳說中，這個星群被解釋為駝鹿，而薩米人在這裡看到的是法夫德納的弓和箭。相比之下，在南半球，並非所有文化都將其命名，因為它總是要麼靠近地平線，要麼看不見。例如，巴西的圖卡諾人稱它為“蛇的大肛門”；而在薩摩亞，它是“祖傳戰棍”的一部分。 夏威夷人也將其用於航海，並稱之為“七星”，而馬其頓傳統則將其解釋為“七賊”。在意大利的星象傳說中，它在羅馬被稱為“七牛”，在撒丁島被稱為“七兄弟”。同樣，蒙古的傳統說法是“七佛”，而印度人則稱之為“七聖”。
Credit: Arya Anthony/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   This spectacular image shows a range of prominent constellations visible in the night sky over the desert of inner Mongolia, taken in August 2019. The yellowish star in the bottom left side is Arcturus, one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and the brightest in the constellation Boötes. The handle of the Big Dipper points towards this bright star and the Dipper is also visible above Boötes. The Northern Dipper (Bei Dou) is a traditional Chinese constellation. It is considered a chariot in which the Judges for Nobility are sitting. Arcturus is considered a single-star asterism, named the Horn, which forms part of the Chinese super-constellation for the spring, the Azure Dragon of the East. The front of the Northern Dipper points towards the star at the top of the photograph which is now called Polaris, the northern Pole Star. In ancient China, there was no bright star at the pole, so the stars in the nearest vicinity of the pole were considered to belong to the emperor and his family in the constellation the Purple Forbidden Palace. At least as early as mediaeval times, Polaris was considered part of the constellation of the Great Emperor of Heaven. Corona Borealis is also visible in the top right corner of this image, although not in its completeness. It is called the Coiled Thong in China. With its characteristic semi-circular shape, this is one of the smaller constellations of the 88 modern ones, but also can be traced back at least three or four millennia through the Roman “Crown”, the Greek wedding “Wreath”, and the Babylonian “Asterism of Dignity”. The modern name literally means “Northern Crown” in Latin. At the upper-right edge of the image, we find the part of the modern constellation Cassiopeia that is considered the Flying Corridor and an Auxiliary Road in ancient China. The W-shape of Cassiopeia is cut off by the edge of the photograph but the constellations to its south and southeast, Andromeda and Perseus, are clearly recognisable. Prominently we see the Andromeda galaxy, the most distant object that is visible to the unaided eye. It is located at the outermost outliers of the band of the Milky Way, which could explain why it has not been mentioned explicitly in ancient star catalogues, as it was mistakenly thought to be part of the Milky Way. The photograph also shows clearly reddish parts of the Milky Way that don’t appear bright to the naked eye, and also open clusters that are formed from the same molecular cloud, i.e., groups of stars with similar ages. This region is part of many big and small asterisms in traditional Chinese uranology.
Credit: Likai Lin/IAU OAE

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   As Earth moves around the Sun, the positions of the stars in the night sky appear to change over the course of the year. This is well exemplified in this mosaic, with images taken in all four seasons throughout 2020 in the region of Veneto, Italy, showing the apparent motion of the Ursa Minor and Ursa Major constellations. Ursa Minor, the Little Bear, is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, and it contains the northern celestial pole, in our current epoch marked by a bright star called Polaris or the Pole Star. For centuries Polaris has been used for navigation in the northern hemisphere, as it has been almost at the exact pole position for roughly 200 years. In the Middle Ages and antiquity, there was no pole star; the celestial north pole lay in a dark region and the Greeks considered the “Little She-Bear” as a companion of the “Great She-Bear”, which is more easily recognizable. The brightest stars of these constellations were alternatively also considered as chariots by the Greeks, as written in Aratus’s famous didactic poem from the 3rd century before the common era. The most famous asterism in Ursa Major, composed of seven stars, has different names across the (northern) world. While considered as a chariot by the Greeks, it is “The Northern Dipper” in China, and “The Seven Oxen” for the ancient Romans. It was also the navigational purpose that led to the name The Great She-Bear, Ursa Major; for the Greeks, travelling towards the direction of the horizon above which Ursa Major appears meant moving towards the land of the bears (northern Europe). An animal is clearly recognizable when taking into account all the fainter stars in the vicinity of the seven bright ones. They considered it a female bear because Greek mythology connects this animal with the nymph Callisto, whose story describes the initiation rituals for women. In the top left, we see an image taken on a spring evening, while the image below shows the same portion of the sky on a summer evening. Going counterclockwise, we see the sky during autumn in the bottom right image, while the top right finally shows this portion of the sky in the winter. Note that the relative positions of Ursa Minor and the Big Dipper don’t change, but all stars appear to be moved in a circle around Polaris. This star pointing due north lies at the point where Earth’s rotational axis intersects the celestial sphere. The shift of constellations throughout the year is therefore a globe-clock or a globe-calendar, used by ancient civilizations to measure the year, and to predict the changes of seasons. It helps to establish, for instance, the best time for sowing and sailing as winds change with the seasons.
Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE

Caption: 這段延時攝影記錄了2020年7月拍攝的三幀畫面中標誌性的北斗七星的軌跡。影像在意大利的三個地點拍攝：拉瓦雷多三峰（Tre Cime di Lavaredo）奧隆佐迪卡多雷、裡特山（Monte Rite）奇比亞納迪卡多雷，以及拉佐牧場（Casera Razzo）維戈迪卡多雷。這場視覺奧德賽展示了北斗七星的迷人軌跡，並在夜空中繪製出天體畫卷。它不僅描繪了這個著名星群的軌跡，還捕捉到2020年7月照亮天空的罕見新智彗星 C/2020 F3 這一非凡的天文事件，為我們的夜空增添了光彩。
Credit: 喬爾賈·霍弗/國際天文學聯合會教育辦公室 (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 走進冰島北部天空的宇宙劇場，在這段時間延時視頻中北斗七星引人矚目，它幾乎繞北極星轉了一圈，這是在中緯度地區無法看到的奇妙景象。這段延時攝影通過魚眼鏡頭拍攝，展現了北斗七星永恆的舞姿，生動地描繪了它的天體華爾茲。在這場視覺盛宴中，北極之夜展現了它的壯麗，描繪出一幅全景畫卷，不僅展示了這一標誌性星座的天體旅程，還呈現了北極光的空靈之舞。在這幅令人歎為觀止的畫卷中，北斗七星在冰島夜景的襯托下顯得格外耀眼，北極光的絢麗色彩點綴其間。
Credit: Stephanie Ziyi Ye/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 這段延時攝影捕捉了來自國家天體物理研究所 (INAF) 的 64 米撒丁島射電望遠鏡 (SRT) 周圍的恆星運動，特別是在天球背景下著名的北斗七星。隨著飛機飛過和射電望遠鏡旋轉，著名的北斗七星在天空中下沉，鏡頭也隨之移動。恆星的軌跡與射電望遠鏡的巨大天線之間的和諧互動，為 2019 年 9 月拍攝的宇宙芭蕾譜寫了一曲令人著迷的視覺頌歌。
Credit: Antonio Finazzi/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 北斗七星優雅地移動於加利福尼亞州莫諾湖超凡脫俗的凝灰岩層之上。延時攝影捕捉了北斗七星穿過北方地平線直至下合的過程。在莫諾湖的緯度（+38°）上，北斗七星的星星幾乎都是環極星，除了阿爾凱德（Alkaid）。北極星位於地平線之上38°的位置，正好在視野的右上角之外。月光將大地籠罩在柔和的光暈中，隨著月亮落下，光暈逐漸變暗，整個場景陷入黑暗之中。
Credit: Fabrizio Melandri/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 這段延時攝影視頻捕捉到了來自世界不同角落的兩個標誌性星座，一段跨越了多個大陸的宇宙之旅正在展開。從中國開始，北斗七星在夜空中熠熠生輝，作為文化敘事中的堅定向導，它的光芒標誌著這場漫長的天體征途的開始。北斗七星的勺口二星指向北極星，隨著星空的旋轉，北極星似乎保持靜止不動。在尼泊爾的崇山峻嶺中，北斗七星的熟悉感依然存在，在隨著地球的自轉而不斷變化的全景中，它是一個可靠的錨點。來到智利，南十字星點綴著蒼穹，象徵著南半球的星空。來自智利的畫面展現了銀河系映襯下的南十字星。在納米比亞，H.E.S.S.天文臺的望遠鏡出現在視頻中。隨後，在遮天蔽日的大樹下，北斗七星繼續在天體中熠熠生輝，與滿天繁星交相輝映。利用不同的技術——魚眼鏡頭、靜態相機和地球運動跟蹤，每一幀畫面都展現了南十字星在各種不同地景映襯下的壯麗景象。這些以星軌和地球自轉為標誌的序列，突出了北斗七星和南十字星的永恆存在，架起了跨越南北兩個半球的橋梁，溝通了世界文化，連通了天體之美。
Credit: Jianfeng Dai/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: The zodiac constellation Virgo and its surrounding constellations. Starting from the top of the diagram and going clockwise, these are Coma Berenices, Leo, Crater, Corvus, Libra, and Bootes. The brightest star in Virgo, Spica, lies just below the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line) in the middle of the map. One way of locating this star in the night sky is to follow the handle of the Big Dipper to the star Arcturus in Bootes and go along a line straight down to Spica (“arc to Arcturus and spike to Spica”). This star lies just below the ecliptic. The ecliptic is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Virgo from mid September to late October. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Virgo. Virgo spans the celestial equator and is thus part of it is visible at some time in the year from all of planet Earth with some of the constellation obscured for the most arctic and antarctic regions of the world. Virgo is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. The constellation Virgo appears as a person lying with their back roughly against the ecliptic, arms outstretched, and feet pointed east. Several deep-sky objects are visible in Virgo, including NGC4697, M49, M87, M86, M84, and M60, all of which are labelled as red ellipses on the map. These are all spiral and elliptical galaxies located several millions of lightyears from Earth. Most notably, M87 is host to the supermassive black hole (Pōwehi) that was imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2019. All of these galaxies are members of the Virgo Cluster, the nearest cluster of galaxies to the Milky Way. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labelled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Ursa Major along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Ursa Major is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Draco, Camelopardalis, Lynx, Leo Minor, Leo, Coma Berenices, Canes Venatici and Boötes. Ursa Major is famous for the prominent asterism often known in English as the Big Dipper or the Plough. This prominent northern asterism has a wide variety of names from cultures across the world. While most constellations and asterisms are made up of unrelated stars that randomly appear close together on the sky, five of the stars in the Big Dipper are part of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a group of stars moving through space together that likely formed in the same location 300 million years ago. The two stars on the right-hand end of the Big Dipper on this diagram form a pair of pointer stars that can be used to locate Polaris, the northern pole star which lies in the constellation of Ursa Minor. Ursa Major is a northern constellation and is visible from northern and equatorial regions. Parts of the constellation are visible from all but the most antarctic parts of the southern hemisphere but not all temperate regions of the southern hemisphere can see all of the Big Dipper. Conversely the Big Dipper and much of the rest of the constellation are circumpolar in arctic and many temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Ursa Major is most visible in the evening in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. Two prominent galaxies appear in the northern part of this constellation, the spiral galaxy M81 and M82, a possible spiral galaxy whose structure is difficult to observe from the Earth as it appears edge-on. Both are shown here as red ellipses. The planetary nebula M97 (the Owl Nebula) lies in the middle of the constellation and is marked by a green circle superimposed on a plus symbol. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope