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Glossary term: 大爆炸核合成

Description: 核合成是較輕的原子核通過核聚變形成較重的原子核這一過程。大爆炸核合成(BBN),有時也被稱為原始核合成,是指在將近140億年前宇宙大爆炸過程中,高溫高密環境下,短暫的核合成過程。根據目前的宇宙學模型,BBN 開始於早期宇宙的最初幾秒鐘,持續時間幾分鐘。這個時間與早期宇宙膨脹和冷卻的速度直接相關。在BBN開始之前,宇宙溫度過高,比氫更復雜的原子核無法存存在。在BBN那幾分鐘結束時,宇宙的溫度和密度不足以讓核聚變繼續下去。BBN 結束後,按原子核的質量計算,大約 25% 的原子核是氦-4(一種特別穩定的氦的同位素),75% 是氫。此外,精確的觀測還發現,其中還有少量的氘(一種氫同位素)、氦-3(另一種氦同位素)和鋰的同位素:鋰-6 和鋰-7。在 BBN 過程中產生的每種元素的數量只取決於基本的宇宙學參數,因此可以進行宇宙學模型的預測。鑑於在隨後的近 140 億年中,還會有大量額外的核合成過程,特別是恆星內部的核合成,因此嘗試從當今的觀測數據中估算初始元素丰度是一項挑戰。對於氦-4、氦-3、氘和鋰-6,宇宙學 BBN 預測與觀測結果非常吻合。對於鋰-7,兩者之間存在明顯差異,但目前還不清楚這究竟是表明我們對 BBN 的理解有問題,還是估算鋰-7 初始丰度的方法存在問題。

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