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Glossary term: 摩羯座

Description: 摩羯座是黃道帶上最小的星座。組成這個星座的恆星位於與黃道(由地球繞太陽運行的軌跡所確定的平面)相交的那部分天空。事實上,黃道帶上的所有星座都與黃道相交。從地球上看,我們會發現太陽和行星經常落在摩羯座中。就太陽而言,這發生在每年1月下旬到2月中旬(當然,那時我們看不到摩羯座中的恆星)。摩羯座是國際天文學聯合會定義的88個現代星座之一,但其歷史可以追溯到更久遠的年代——它是公元2世紀的天文學家克羅狄斯·托勒密(Claudius Ptolemy)命名的48個星座之一。摩羯座中的恆星相對較暗。用望遠鏡可以在摩羯座中找到球狀星團M30。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
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This is an automated transliteration of the simplified Chinese translation of this term

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星空下,一座階梯狀的泥磚金字塔,背後映照著銀河的微光。

銀河臂

Caption: 在 2022 年 IAU OAE 天文攝影大賽中榮獲榮譽提名,類別:天體圖案靜態圖像 這張照片拍攝於 2022 年 1 月的伊拉克南部,展示了該地區眾多古代遺跡之一在晴朗夜空下的景象,該遺跡看起來像一座巴比倫的金字形神塔(Ziggurat)。早在文字發明之前,蘇美爾人就已經建造了這些類似山丘的建築。最早的金字形神塔可追溯至公元前 4000 年左右。它們的外形類似於截頂金字塔,在巴比倫時期,頂部通常建有神廟。在金字形神塔的臺階旁,可以看到黃道帶最南端的星座,這些星座也是由巴比倫人定義的。今天,我們稱它們為摩羯座(左側,有一顆行星位於其中)和人馬座。人馬座中最亮的星星組成了著名的“茶壺”星群。對巴比倫人而言,人馬座代表著神秖 Pabilsag,他是 Larak 城的守護神,同時也是農業與戰爭之神。他還是強大神醫女神 Gula 的丈夫。在巴比倫的神話中,Pabilsag 的形象是一種混合生物,具有人的上半身和頭部,但下半身是四足的馬身,並擁有兩隻巨大翅膀和兩條尾巴——一條馬尾和一條蠍子尾巴。這種生物在希臘神話中並不存在,因此希臘人將其簡化為他們熟悉的形象——一個持弓的半人馬。然而,這個形象在希臘文化中仍然顯得不太合理,因為在希臘神話中,半人馬通常被認為是野蠻、殘暴的生物,不足以使用弓箭。因此,在希臘文化中同時還存在另一個版本的形象:一個雙腿末端長著蹄子的人,即薩梯(Satyr)。然而,這一形象在羅馬時代逐漸消失了。 摩羯座是黃道十二宮中最穩定的外來生物之一,千百年來一直保持不變。它被描繪成一種混合生物,前半部分是山羊,後半部分是魚。因此,這個星座被稱為“山羊魚座”(Goat-Fish)。自巴比倫最早的天文學文獻以來,這一星座就已被確認。在巴比倫宗教中,摩羯座代表一種性情溫和、仁慈的守護神,它保護人類,促進一切治愈過程,並陪伴著智慧與巫術之神。希臘人直接接受了這一形象,並為其創造了神話故事。在羅馬時代,摩羯座變得極為著名,因為羅馬皇帝奧古斯都將其作為個人象徵,並將其鑄刻在錢幣和其他政治宣傳工具上。 在人馬座的範圍內,還能看到銀河系明亮的中央凸起。然而,在這張照片中銀河幾乎不可見,這是現代文明的影響所致。由於地球上大量的人工光源照亮了夜空,使得人類居住區難以看到銀河。
Credit: Ruqayah Mohammed/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


銀河就像一條暗線兩側的兩條垂直漫射光帶,籠罩在岩石露頭上。

創世之柱

Caption: 2022 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類獲獎作品。 本影像攝於2021年10月意大利威尼託大區的多洛米蒂自然公園(Parco Naturale Dolomiti),展現拉瓦雷多三峰(Tre Cime di Lavaredo)上空的壯麗星野。 畫面左側明亮光點為木星,此時正位於摩羯座。木星右下方、摩羯座雙角星之間可見土星。木星上方延伸至水瓶座(黃道最大星座之一)區域。銀河左側北天區多為暗星,唯左上角泛白的飛馬座雙星"危宿三"(Enif)較醒目。 銀河如天界霧靄自岩峰升騰,其左右分別懸著牛郎星(Altair/河鼓二)與織女星(Vega/織女一)——這對被銀河分隔的"星界眷侶"呼應著中國七夕傳說。現代天文學將二者與畫面頂緣的天津四(Deneb)共組"夏季大三角",構成北半球經典星象。 牛郎星作為巴比倫鷹座(Aquila)主星,承載著《埃塔納史詩》中神鷹背負君王凌空瞰地的古老傳說。古羅馬時期,托勒密將鷹座下方新增的"安提諾烏斯"子星座(Antinous)解讀為溺亡尼羅河的哈德良皇帝寵臣之魂。 織女星(銀河右側亮白星體)隸屬天琴座,該星座以擁有行星狀星雲"環狀星雲"(Ring Nebula)聞名,展現恆星臨終時拋射氣體形成的瑰麗景象。 畫面右緣顯著彎曲排列的三星為大熊座北斗杓柄,其指向地平線附近的牧夫座主星大角星(Arcturus)。牧夫座風箏狀星群可能源自巴比倫神"恩利爾"(Enlil)的天界投影,後被羅馬人重構為駕馭"七牛星"(即北斗七星)的耕夫形象。 織女星正右方可見武仙座廣袤星域,其下方與牧夫座左側交界的半圓星群,則是希臘神話中克里特公主阿里阿德涅的冠冕——北冕座(Corona Borealis)。 畫面左下角雲層反光為人造光源所致。
Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

Related Diagrams


Sagittarius is shaped like a teapot pouring tea south west. The ecliptic runs WSW to ENE at the top of the constellation

Sagittarius Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Sagittarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Sagittarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scorpius, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Microscopium and Capricornus. The brighter stars in Sagittarius form a distinctive teapot shape. Sagittarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Sagittarius from mid December to mid January. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Sagittarius. Sagittarius lies south of the celestial equator. The famous teapot asterism is visible for all but the most arctic regions of the world but the most southerly parts of the constellation are not visible in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Sagittarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* which lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is sits on the western (here right-hand) edge of Sagittarius. Due to it covering an area at the center of our Galaxy, Sagittarius is home to many star clusters including open clusters (marked here with yellow circles) and globular clusters (marked here with yellow circles with + signs superimposed on them). Three nebulae are also marked here with green squares. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Capricornus appears as a downward pointing isosceles triangle. The ecliptic runs through the center from WSW to ENE

Capricornus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Capricornus (commonly called Capricorn) including its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Capricornus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquarius, Aquila, Sagittarius, Microscopium and Piscis Austrinus. Capricornus lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Capricornus from mid January to mid February. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Capricornus. Capricornus lies just south of the celestial equator and is visible to all observers south of the Arctic Circle. Capricornus is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. In the south east (lower left on this diagram) of the constellation one can find the globular cluster M30 (shown here as a yellow circle with a plus sign superimposed on it). The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


寶瓶座看起來像一系列蜿蜒相連的線條,其輪廓綿延展開。黃道從西南偏西(WSW)方向延伸至東北偏東(ENE)方向,貫穿了寶瓶座的中心。

寶瓶座星圖

Caption: 寶瓶座及其明亮恆星與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向,寶瓶座周邊的星座依次為:飛馬座、小馬座、天鷹座、摩羯座、南魚座、玉夫座、鯨魚座和雙魚座。寶瓶座位於黃道上。從地球看來,太陽以一年為週期在天球上移動,所經過的路徑稱為黃道,在圖中以藍色實線標注。太陽在每年二月中旬到三月中旬位於寶瓶座。太陽系中的其他行星也經常出現在寶瓶座。 寶瓶座橫跨天赤道,因此在地球上的任何地方,一年中的某些時候都能看到它。在地球南北兩極,寶瓶座的某些部分可能不可見。寶瓶座在北半球的秋季和南半球的春季夜晚最適宜觀測。 球狀星團M2和M72在圖中以疊加了十字符號的黃色圓圈標注。行星狀星雲NGC 7293(螺旋星雲)和NGC 7002(土星狀星雲)在圖中以疊加了十字符號的綠色圓圈標注。M73在圖中以叉號標注,它是一個偶然形成的恆星群,之前被錯誤歸類為疏散星團。 該圖的縱軸為赤緯,橫軸為赤經,方向為上北下南左東右西。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準,較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序,最亮的一般被標記為α星,第二亮的一般為β星,等等,不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界,綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是,在實際觀測時,這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 由國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室根據國際天文學聯合會/《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Aquila looks like a simplified arrow shape with the head pointing to the lower right (the south west). Altair is in the tail

Aquila Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Aquila with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Aquila is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Sagitta, Hercules, Ophiuchus, Serpens Cauda, Scutum, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius and Delphinus. Aquila is most notable for its brightest star Altair. This forms one vertex of the prominent Summer Triangle asterism that is visible in northern hemisphere summer evenings. Aquila spans the celestial equator and thus some part of it is visible from all of the Earth at some point in the year. It is most visible in the evenings in the late northern hemisphere summer and late southern hemisphere winter. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line in the lower right of the diagram is the ecliptic. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


No lines are drawn connecting the stars here to mark the shape of Microscopium

Microscopium Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Microscopium with its brighter stars and surrounding constellations. Microscopium is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Capricornus, Sagittarius, Telescopium, Indus, Grus and Piscis Austrinus. Microscopium is a faint constellation with relatively few bright stars. Microscopium is a southern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible in equatorial and some temperate regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible from other northern temperate regions. Microscopium is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky. The ecliptic is marked with a blue line in the top right.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


The stars in Piscis Austrinus form a rough horizontal fish shape with the tail facing west

Piscis Austrinus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Piscis Austrinus with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Piscis Austrinus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Aquarius, Capricornus, Microscopium, Grus and Sculptor. Piscis Austrinus is a southern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible to some equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible to the remaining equatorial and some temperate northern hemisphere regions. Piscis Austrinus is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line in the top right of the diagram marks the ecliptic. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars, nor the ecliptic, appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons