Caption: 國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天文攝影比賽星軌類第二名。 天文學即使不是最古老的科學，也是其中之一，因此千百年來與各種文化都有著千絲萬縷的聯繫。這張圖片以巨石陣為背景，在某種程度上傳達了這種聯繫。關於天文學家所說的考古天文學遺址，以及它們與天空的聯繫（如季節、月相等），有很多研究。古今中外的文明對天空中的景象都有自己的看法和解釋，這不僅與文化有關，也與人們的日常活動和季節活動有關。通常被稱為 "星軌 "的 "同心圓 "是天空視運動的結果，實際上是地球自轉的結果。圖像中心上方出現的小點是Polaris--北極星。只有北半球的觀測者才能看到北極星。北極星的高度可以用來推斷觀測者的實際緯度。巨石陣位於北緯 51°左右。這張照片攝於世界上最著名的古代遺址之一，它把我們帶回了過去，讓我們對千年前生活在那裡的人們所講述的故事產生了好奇。
Credit: Till Credner/IAU OAE

Caption: 國際天文學聯合會教育辦公室天文攝影比賽星軌類第一名。 這張星軌圖展示了夜空中恆星的視運動，這種現象是由地球圍繞其極軸自轉所導致的。前景中的樹木為畫面提供了一個固定的參照點，使我們在地球自轉的過程中能夠感受到運動的相對性。圖像中央那條明亮的半圓形軌跡是北極星，它位於北天極附近。可以想象地球位於一個中空的水晶球中心，恆星則鑲嵌在這個球面上。當地球繞軸自轉時，地球上的觀察者看到恆星沿著弧線升起和落下。然而，由於地平線的遮擋，那些離天極較遠的恆星無法完整地展現出整個弧形軌跡。北天極（及其對應的南天極）實際上是地球自轉軸的延長線在天空中的投影。拍攝這張照片需要攝影師使用長曝光技術，將相機固定在三腳架上，並對準北極星（在北半球）。在南半球，並沒有像北極星這樣接近天極的恆星，因此要確定南天極的位置，需要借助南十字星座以及指引星（半人馬座的α星和β星）。儘管整張照片呈現出淡藍色調，但它仍然很好地捕捉到了恆星的不同顏色，使我們能夠區分不同溫度的恆星。高溫恆星通常呈現藍色，而較低溫的恆星呈現白色甚至紅色。這種顏色變化的原因在於，溫度較高的恆星會發出更多短波長（偏藍）的光，而溫度較低的恆星主要輻射長波長（偏紅）的光。
Credit: 法布里齊奧-梅蘭德里/國際天文學聯合會教育辦公室

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室天文攝影大賽獲獎作品，類別：天體圖案靜態圖像。 這張壯觀的圖片展示了2019年8月拍攝的內蒙古沙漠上空夜空中可見的一系列顯著星座。左下角的黃色恆星是大角星，它是夜空中最亮的恆星之一，也是牧夫座中最亮的恆星。北斗七星的斗柄指向這顆明亮的恆星，北斗七星也位於牧夫座上方。北斗是中國傳統的星座，被視為載有貴族審判者的戰車。大角星被視為一個單星星群，名為“角”，它是中國春季超級星座——東方青龍的一部分。北斗的斗柄指向照片頂部的恆星，現在稱為北極星。在古代中國，北極附近沒有明亮的恆星，因此北極附近的恆星被認為屬於紫禁宮星座中的皇帝及其家族。至少在中世紀時期，北極星就被認為是天帝星座的一部分。 這張圖片的右上角也可以看到北冕座，儘管並不完整。它在中國被稱為 "蟠龍"。它具有獨特的半圓形，是現代88個星座中較小的一個，但它的歷史可以追溯到至少三四千年前，通過羅馬的“皇冠”、希臘的婚禮“花環”和巴比倫的“尊嚴星群”得以追溯。現代名稱在拉丁語中字面意思是“北冕”。 在圖片的右上邊緣，我們發現了現代仙後座的一部分，在中國古代被認為是“飛廊”和“輔路”。仙後座的W形狀被照片的邊緣切斷了，但其南部和東南部的星座——仙女座和英仙座——清晰可見。我們特別看到了仙女座星系，這是肉眼可見的最遠天體。它位於銀河系帶的最外層邊緣，這可能解釋了為什麼它沒有在古代星表中被明確提及，因為它被誤認為是銀河系的一部分。照片還清晰地展示了銀河系中肉眼看起來並不明亮的紅色部分，以及由同一分子雲形成的疏散星團，即年齡相似的恆星群。這個區域是中國傳統天文學中許多大小星群的一部分。
Credit: Likai Lin/IAU OAU

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會（IAU）OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別獲獎作品。 隨著地球圍繞太陽運動，夜空中恆星的位置在一年中也會發生變化。這幅馬賽克作品很好地體現了這一點，它是 2020 年全年在意大利威尼托地區拍攝的四季圖像，顯示了小熊座和大熊座的明顯運動。隨著地球圍繞太陽公轉，夜空中恆星的位置在一年中似乎也會發生變化。誕生於意大利威尼托地區的這幅拼接圖很好地體現了這一點。這幅作品的拍攝貫穿了2020年的四季，展示了小熊座和大熊座的視運動。 小熊座是北天球的一個星座，包含了北天極。在我們這個時代，北天極的位置由一顆明亮的恆星——北極星來標記。幾個世紀以來，北極星一直被用於北半球的導航，因為在大約200年的時間裡，北極星幾乎一直精確處於北天極的位置。但在中世紀和古代，並沒有北極星，北天極位於沒有恆星的黑暗區域，因此古希臘人將小熊座視為更容易辨認的大熊座的夥伴。在古希臘人眼中，這兩個星座中最亮的幾顆恆星也是一輛戰車，正如公元前3世紀的阿拉圖斯在著名的教誨詩中所寫的那樣。大熊座最有名的星群由七顆恆星組成，在北半球各地有不同的名稱。希臘人認為它是一輛戰車，中國人稱它為“北斗七星”，古羅馬人則將它視作“七牛”。 古希臘人認為，朝著大熊座上方的地平線方向行進，就意味著朝著熊的國度（北歐）前進。如果考慮到七顆亮星附近所有較暗的恆星，就能清楚地辨認出一種動物。他們認為這是一隻母熊，因為希臘神話將這種動物與仙女卡利斯托聯繫在一起，卡利斯托的故事描述了女性的啟蒙儀式。 大熊座的得名是出於導航的目的——對希臘人來說，向著大熊座出現的地平線方向行進，就意味著前往熊的國度（北歐）。如果考慮到七顆亮星附近所有較暗的恆星，就能清晰地辨認出一隻動物。他們認為這是一隻母熊，因為希臘神話將母熊與仙女卡利斯托聯繫在一起，她的故事描述了女性的啟蒙儀式。 左上方是春季傍晚拍攝的照片，左下方是夏季傍晚拍攝的同一片夜空。按照逆時針方向，我們在右下方看到的是秋季的夜空，而右上方最後顯示的是冬天的這部分夜空。請注意，小熊座和北斗七星的相對位置並沒有變化，但所有恆星似乎都圍繞北極星轉了一圈——這顆指向正北的恆星位於地球自轉軸與天球相交處。 因此，星座在一年中的移動可以看作地球鐘或是地球日曆，被古代文明用來測量自己在一年中所處的時間，並預測季節的變化。例如，它有助於確定播種和航海的最佳時間，因為風會隨著季節而變化。
Credit: Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE

Caption: 這段延時攝影記錄了2020年7月拍攝的三幀畫面中標誌性的北斗七星的軌跡。影像在意大利的三個地點拍攝：拉瓦雷多三峰（Tre Cime di Lavaredo）奧隆佐迪卡多雷、裡特山（Monte Rite）奇比亞納迪卡多雷，以及拉佐牧場（Casera Razzo）維戈迪卡多雷。這場視覺奧德賽展示了北斗七星的迷人軌跡，並在夜空中繪製出天體畫卷。它不僅描繪了這個著名星群的軌跡，還捕捉到2020年7月照亮天空的罕見新智彗星 C/2020 F3 這一非凡的天文事件，為我們的夜空增添了光彩。
Credit: 喬爾賈·霍弗/國際天文學聯合會教育辦公室 (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 北斗七星優雅地移動於加利福尼亞州莫諾湖超凡脫俗的凝灰岩層之上。延時攝影捕捉了北斗七星穿過北方地平線直至下合的過程。在莫諾湖的緯度（+38°）上，北斗七星的星星幾乎都是環極星，除了阿爾凱德（Alkaid）。北極星位於地平線之上38°的位置，正好在視野的右上角之外。月光將大地籠罩在柔和的光暈中，隨著月亮落下，光暈逐漸變暗，整個場景陷入黑暗之中。
Credit: Fabrizio Melandri/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: 2022 年 3 月拍攝的這張照片中，北京故宮矗立在星軌編織的夜空芭蕾之下，見證著古老的天體之間的聯繫。紫禁城在設計時考慮到了宇宙的排列，呼應了北極星的方位，北極星又叫 Polaris，是長期以來指引航海者的天體之錨，象徵著天空的穩定。人們相信皇帝是北極星在人間的化身，是連接天地的橋梁。在這張用智能手機拍攝的和諧的一小時曝光照片中，星星的軌跡描繪了它們夜間穿越蒼穹的旅程，它們向北極星匯聚，體現了建築設計和天體軌跡的精確性。
Credit: Stephanie Ziyi Ye/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

Caption: The constellation Cassiopeia along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Cassiopeia is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top):Cepheus, Andromeda, Perseus and Camelopardalis. Cassiopeia is a northern constellation that is visible from all of the northern hemisphere and equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. It is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere late autumn and southern hemisphere late spring. The open star clusters M52, M103, NGC 457 and NGC 663 all lie in this constellation. These are marked with yellow circles. Two dwarf elliptical galaxies NGC 147 and NGC 185 lie in the southern part of the constellation. These are marked with red ellipses and are gravitationally bound to the larger Andromeda galaxy which lies to the south in the constellation of Andromeda. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Caption: 小熊座及其明亮恆星與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向，小熊座周邊的星座依次為：仙王座、鹿豹座和天龍座。小熊座最亮的星是北極星，它位於北天極。 整個北半球都能看到小熊座，南半球赤道地區也能看到其局部。在北半球溫帶及寒帶地區，小熊座處於恆顯圈內，而極其靠近北天極的北極星更是整個北半球的恆顯星。小熊座的最佳觀測期為北半球夏季與南半球冬季。 本圖繪製的是北天極周圍的天區。赤經圈在北天極匯合。這些赤經圈的赤經值以小時為單位，標注在上下兩側的橫軸上。一些赤緯圈以度為單位，標注在縱軸上。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準，較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序，最亮的一般被標記為α星，第二亮的一般為β星，等等，不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界，綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是，在實際觀測時，這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室（IAU OAE）根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

Caption: 大熊座及其明亮恆星與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向，大熊座周邊的星座依次為：天龍座、鹿豹座、天貓座、小獅座、獅子座、後發座、獵犬座和牧夫座。大熊座中有著名為“北斗七星”的醒目星群，這也是大熊座最著名的標誌。這個醒目的北天星群在全球不同文化中擁有豐富多樣的名稱。儘管大多數星座和星群中的恆星是互不關聯的，它們在天球上投影出的圖案其實僅是出於巧合，但北斗七星中的五顆恆星同屬“大熊座移動星群”——這些恆星在宇宙中同步運動，很可能在3億年前形成於同一區域。圖中北斗右側末端的兩顆星構成“指極星”，可由它們的連線找到位於小熊座的北極星。 作為北天星座，大熊座在北半球和赤道地區都是可見的。除南極地區外，南半球的部分區域也可觀測到大熊座的局部，但南半球溫帶地區並不都能看到完整的北斗七星。而在北極和北半球大多數溫帶地區，北斗七星以及大熊座的其他主要部分則處於恆顯圈內。大熊座的最佳觀測期為北半球春季與南半球秋季。 大熊座的北部有兩個易於觀測的星系，在圖中以紅色橢圓標注：旋渦星系M81和可能同為旋渦星系的M82。由於M82的側方朝向地球，我們難以通過觀測確定其結構。行星狀星雲M97（貓頭鷹星雲）位於大熊座中央，在圖中以疊加了十字符號的綠色圓圈標注。 該圖的縱軸為赤緯，橫軸為赤經，方向為上北下南左東右西。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準，較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序，最亮的一般被標記為α星，第二亮的一般為β星，等等，不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界，綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是，在實際觀測時，這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室（IAU OAE）根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

Caption: The constellation Apus with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Apus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Triangulum Australe, Circinus, Musca, Chamaeleon, Octans, Pavo and Ara. Apus is a southern constellation lying close to the south celestial pole. As such it is visible at some point in the year from the entire southern hemisphere but is only visible from the most equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere. Apus is circumpolar for all temperate and antarctic regions of the southern hemisphere. It is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere autumn. The globular cluster NGC 6101 can be found in Apus. It is marked here with a yellow circle with a plus symbol superimposed on it. This diagram maps an area around the south celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values (in hours) of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Lines of constant declination (in degrees) are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Auriga with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Auriga is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Camelopardalis, Perseus, Taurus, Gemini and Lynx. Capella, the brightest star in Auriga, is the sixth brightest star in the night sky. As a northern constellation, Auriga is visible from the whole of the northern hemisphere at some point in the year. The whole of the constellation is visible to equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere with parts of it visible to temperate southern regions. The whole constellation is circumpolar from arctic regions. The constellation is best viewed in the evening in the late northern hemisphere winter and late southern hemisphere summer. Auriga lies in the plane of the Milky Way and thus hosts a number of open clusters. Of these M36, M37 and M38 are marked on this diagram with yellow circles. IC 405, also known as the flaming star nebula, is marked here with a green square. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line at the bottom of the diagram marks the ecliptic. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Camelopardalis with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Camelopardalis is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Cepheus, Cassiopea, Perseus, Auriga, Lynx, Ursa Major, Draco and Ursa Minor. Camelopardalis is a large constellation but contains relatively few bright stars. Camelopardalis is a northern constellation and as such the whole constellation is visible for the whole northern hemisphere at some point in the year. It is also visible from equatorial parts of the southern hemisphere with some parts visible to temperate southern regions. The whole constellation is circumpolar for all arctic and more northerly temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Camelopardalis is best viewed in the evening in the late northern hemisphere winter and late southern hemisphere summer. The spiral galaxies NGC 2403 and IC 342 lie in Camelopardalis and are marked here with red ellipses. This diagram maps an area around the north celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Some of the lines of constant declination are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Cepheus along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Cepheus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Camelopardalis, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cygnus, Lacerta and Cassiopeia. Cepheus is a large constellation. Its most notable star is Delta Cephei, the prototype for the class of variable stars known as Cepheid variables. These are variable stars which can be used to estimate distances both within our galaxy and to nearby galaxies. Cepheus lies close to the north celestial pole. As such it is circumpolar for arctic and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The whole of the constellation is also visible at some point in the year in equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of it visible in equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. It is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere late autumn and southern hemisphere late spring. The open cluster NGC 188 lies in Cepheus and is marked here with a yellow circle. The nebula NGC 7023 also lies in the constellation and is marked with a green square. The red ellipse in the lower right marks the position of the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. This diagram maps an area around the north celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Some of the lines of constant declination are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. Delta Cephei is marked with a circle around a dot as it is a variable star. Mu Cephei is also a variable star marked here as an open circle. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Chamaeleon with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Chamaeleon is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Carina, Volans, Mensa, Octans, Apus and Musca. Chamaeleon lies close to the south celestial pole and this the whole of the constellation is visible from the whole southern hemisphere at some point in the year. All or part of the constellation can be seen from equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere. The whole constellation is circumpolar for all but the most equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. Chamaeleon is best viewed in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. This diagram maps an area around the south celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. The solid circle around the pole marks a line of -80° declination with the larger, incomplete circles above it marking -70° and -60° declination respectively. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Circinus with its brighter stars and surrounding constellations. Circinus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Lupus, Centaurus, Musca, Apus, Triangulum Australe and Norma. Circinus is a relatively small constellation with few bright stars. Circinus is a southern constellation and is thus the whole constellation is visible from the whole southern hemisphere at some point in the year. The whole constellation can also be seen from some equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible from the remaining equatorial regions and some northern hemisphere temperate locations. The constellation is circumpolar for all antarctic and some southern hemisphere temperate regions. Circinus is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The open cluster NGC 5823 lies in Circinus and is marked here with a yellow circle. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Dorado with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Dorado is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Pictor, Caelum, Horologium, Reticulum, Hydrus, Mensa and Volans. Dorado is a southern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year from the whole southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible to equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere. Dorado is circumpolar for temperate and antarctic regions of the southern hemisphere. This constellation is best viewed in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, lies in Dorado and the neighboring constellation Mensa. The outline of the Large Magellanic Cloud is marked here as a roughly circular loop in green. The open cluster NGC 2070 lies at the heart of the Tarantula Nebula. This is marked here with a green square. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Draco with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Draco is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Cepheus, Ursa Minor, Boötes, Hercules, Lyra and Cygnus. Draco is a sprawling northern constellation, parts of which lie close to the celestial north pole. As such the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year from the whole northern hemisphere and a thin sliver of the southern hemisphere near the equator. Parts of the constellation are visible from all other southern equatorial and some southern temperate regions. Draco is best viewed in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The planetary nebula NGC 6543 (also known as the Cat’s Eye Nebula) lies in Draco. It is marked here with a green circle superimposed on a plus sign. This diagram maps an area around the north celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Some of the lines of constant declination are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Horologium with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Horologium is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Eridanus, Hydrus, Reticulum, Dorado and Caelum. Horologium is a southern constellation and thus is visible in the whole southern hemisphere at some point in the year. The whole constellation is also visible from equatorial parts of the northern hemisphere with parts of it visible to some northern temperate regions. Horologium is circumpolar in antarctic and some temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. This constellation is best viewed in the evenings in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. The globular cluster NGC 1261 lies in Horologium, it is marked here with a yellow circle with a plus sign superimposed on it. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: 印第安星座及其亮星和周圍星座。印第安星座周圍環繞著（按順時針方向）：顯微鏡座、人馬座、望遠鏡座、孔雀座、南極座、杜鵑座和天鶴座。由於印第安星座靠近南天極，因此在南半球的任何地點，在一年中的某個時段都能觀測到整個星座。對於北半球靠近赤道的狹窄區域，整個星座也可見，而北半球赤道其他區域則只能看到部分星座。在南半球溫帶和南極地區，印第安星座是拱極星座。該星座在北半球的秋季和南半球的春季夜晚觀測效果最佳。 此圖的 y 軸是以北為上的赤緯度，x 軸是以東為左的赤經小時數。這裡標注的恆星大小與恆星的視星等有關，視星等是衡量恆星視亮度的標準。較大的點代表較亮的恆星。希臘字母代表星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序，最亮的恆星被標記為α星，第二亮的為β星，等等，不過這種排序並不總是完全一致。虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會的星座邊界，綠色實線標注的是用於表示星座數字的一種常見形式。星座邊界和連接恆星的線條都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 由國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》雜誌的原文改編

Caption: The constellation Lacerta with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Lacerta is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Cepheus, Cygnus, Pegasus, Andromeda and Cassiopeia. Lacerta is a northern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the northern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible from equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible from temperate southern regions. The whole constellation is circumpolar from arctic regions. Lacerta is best viewed in the evenings in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. The open cluster NGC 7243 lies in Lacerta, it is marked here with a yellow circle. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Leo Minor with its brighter stars and surrounding constellations. Leo Minor is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Ursa Major, Lynx, Cancer and Leo. Leo Minor is a small constellation with relatively few bright stars. It is a separate constellation from and should not be confused with its larger neighbour Leo. Leo Minor is a northern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the northern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible from equatorial and temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. Leo Minor is circumpolar in arctic regions. This constellation is best viewed in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky. The blue line in the bottom right marks the ecliptic.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Musca with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Musca is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Crux, Centaurus, Carina, Chamaeleon, Apus and Circinus. Musca is a southern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is visible to a thin strip of the northern hemisphere near the equator with parts of the constellation visible to other northern equatorial regions. Musca is circumpolar in temperate and antarctic regions of the southern hemisphere. Musca is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere late spring and southern hemisphere late autumn. The globular clusters NGC 4372 and NGC 4833 lie in Musca and are marked here with yellow circles with plus signs superimposed on them. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: The constellation Pavo with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Pavo is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Telescopium, Ara, Apus, Octans and Indus. Pavo is a southern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible in some equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible in the remaining northern equatorial regions. Pavo is circumpolar in antarctic and most temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. The constellation is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The globular cluster NGC 6752 lies in Pavo and is marked here with a yellow circle with a plus sign superimposed on it. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

Caption: 網罟座及其亮星與周圍星座。網罟座被以下星座環繞（按順時針方向）：時鐘座、水蛇座和劍魚座。網罟座是一個南天星座，因此在南半球的某個時段可以看到整個星座。在北半球赤道的大部分區域也能完整觀測到該星座，而在赤道地區的其他區域以及北半球部分溫帶地區則可以觀測到該星座的部分。對於整個南極地區和南半球的大部分溫帶地區而言，網罟座是環繞極地的星座。該星座在北半球的冬季和南半球的夏季晚上觀測最佳。 本圖以北為上，以度為單位的赤緯表示縱軸；以東為左，以時為單位的赤經表示橫軸。圖中標注的恆星的大小與恆星的視星等有關，視星等是衡量恆星視亮度的標準，較大的點表示較亮的恆星。希臘字母標記了星座中最亮的恆星，通常按亮度排序，最亮的恆星標記為α，次亮者標記為β，以此類推，不過這種排序並不總是有效的。虛線標示出國際天文學聯合會規定的星座邊界，而綠色實線則表示常見的星座連線方式。然而，星座的邊界線以及恆星之間的連線並不會出現在實際夜空中。
Credit: 由國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》雜誌的原文改編