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Glossary term: 暗物質

Description: 暗物質是一種假設中的物質形式,它具有質量,但完全透明,且不發光。它作為與各種引力相互作用有關現象的聯合解釋被提出。

早期關於暗物質存在的證據來自於星系團中高速運動的星系。假設存在額外的質量有助於解釋為什麼這些星系的運動速度很快,卻仍然被引力束縛在所屬的星系團內,而沒有逃逸出去。維拉·魯賓(Vera Rubin)等人對盤狀星系中恆星和氣體軌道速度的測量推動了暗物質概念的廣泛接受:根據引力定律,要想解釋觀測到的高轉動速度,除了可見物質之外,還需要有相當大質量的物質。最近,引力透鏡觀測也顯示星系團中存在大量不發光物質。

在宇宙學中,宇宙膨脹歷史表明,宇宙中存在的物質比可見物質要多。早期宇宙結構形成的常見解釋也依賴於暗物質的存在。基於這些原因,標準宇宙學模型被稱為”Lambda CDM模型“,其中CDM代表冷暗物質(即速度慢的暗物質)。

暗物質的本質是宇宙學和粒子物理學中研究和討論的熱點話題。暗物質的有關證據仍然是間接的,主要依賴於觀測暗物質質量對發光物質或光的影響。有幾種尚未被檢測到的基本粒子被提出作為暗物質的可能組成部分,但專門用於尋找這些候選粒子的實驗到目前為止都未能取得成功。也有一些替代性的解釋被提出,聲稱可以在不涉及新粒子的情況下解釋相關觀測結果。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

This is an automated transliteration of the simplified Chinese translation of this term

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

Related Media


對星系團 ZwCl0024+1652 中引力透鏡現象的測量結果,顯示出藍色的暗物質 "環"。

暗物質

Caption: 這幅星系團 ZwCl0024+1652 的圖像是利用哈勃太空望遠鏡(HST)的觀測數據數學建模製作而成的。 哈勃望遠鏡的觀測數據是由高級巡天照相機(ACS)於 2004 年 11 月拍攝的。ACS 的分辨率非常高,可以對星團中的引力透鏡進行非常詳細的測量。星系團中暗物質分布以藍色的雲霧狀疊加在照片之上,在觀測中並不可見,而是根據引力透鏡數據建立的數學模型。 圖像中出現的 "暗物質環 "是迄今為止證明暗物質存在的最有力證據之一。觀測數據提供的證據表明,暗物質約占宇宙的 1/4,並被認為構成了宇宙的基本結構。此外,星系和星系團中很大一部分質量是暗物質,通過直接觀測是看不到的。
Credit: 美國國家航空航天局、歐空局、M.J. Jee 和 H. Ford(約翰霍普金斯大學) credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Galaxies map, each dot is a galaxy, forming a web-like structure, the outer circle marks a distance of 2 billion light years

SDSS Redshift Map

Caption: This image shows a map of the distribution of galaxies and is based on redshift data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Redshift measurements provides information on the distances, positions and motions of the galaxies. The Earth is located at the center of the image, and each dot represents a galaxy. The outer circle represents a ""distance"" of about 2 billion light years. The idea of distance in cosmology is complex because the usual measurement of distance is the separation between two points in space at the same time. However, because of the speed of light, the further a distance, the farther back in time we are observing. The numbers on the outer circle are Right Ascension coordinates mapped onto a flat circle, and provides information on the position of the galaxies on the sky. The colours used represent the ages of the stars in the galaxies, the redder, more strongly clustered points represent galaxies comprising of older stars. The dark wedges that do not contain any dots are regions that were not mapped by the SDSS due to dust from the Milky Way galaxy obscuring the view.
Credit: M. Blanton and Sloan Digital Sky Survey credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

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