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Glossary term: Observation

Description: Les observations astronomiques consistent à collecter et/ou à mesurer le rayonnement électromagnétique, les particules ou les ondes gravitationnelles qui nous parviennent d'un objet astronomique. Dans le passé, les hommes observaient avec leurs yeux et, depuis le début des années 1600, avec des lunettes astronomiques et télescopes. Aujourd'hui, il est possible d'utiliser une variété de caméras, de spectromètres et d'autres instruments. Les informations collectées, telles que l'image brute obtenue à partir d'un appareil photo, sont appelées données (d'observation).

Ces données contiennent des informations sur l'objet et le milieu environnant (par exemple le milieu interstellaire ou intergalactique), mais dépendent toujours des spécificités de l'instrument, par exemple si une partie de la caméra est plus sensible qu'une autre. Les données dépendent également des contaminants ; par exemple, lorsque nous recueillons la lumière d'un objet astronomique, nous recueillons également la lumière d'avant-plan diffusée dans l'atmosphère terrestre. La réduction des données consiste à éliminer le plus complètement possible les parties spécifiques à l'instrument et les contaminants. Les produits finaux typiques des observations sont les images, les spectres et les séries temporelles (observations répétées du même objet ou des mêmes objets, par exemple les données des pulsars ou des étoiles variables). Ces données peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer diverses quantités telles que l'angle entre deux objets, l'heure à laquelle un événement a été observé ou la magnitude apparente d'un objet.

Les observations diffèrent des expériences menées dans de nombreux laboratoires scientifiques, car l'observateur ne peut pas interagir avec les objets astronomiques eux-mêmes, comme le ferait un chimiste en mélangeant deux produits chimiques. Dans certains contextes, les observations peuvent parfois être complétées par des expériences sur les objets eux-mêmes, comme l'étude des météorites ou l'envoi de sondes spatiales vers des objets du système solaire.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

Related Media


A telescope points to the sky where the Milky Way sits with mottled dark and light patches.

Learning Nights

Caption: Beneath the sprawling expanse of the night sky over Colombia's Tatacoa Desert, a telescope finds its alignment with the majestic galactic core, while a smartphone captures this cosmic encounter. This snapshot, taken on 9 June 2023 during an astronomy camp, epitomises the accessible beauty of celestial marvels. It showcases the mesmerising grandeur of the night sky, inviting both the casual stargazer and the passionate astronomer alike. The splendour of the Milky Way, elegantly captured through a mobile device, seamlessly bridges the gap between sophisticated equipment and the pure, profound joy of observing the stars.
Credit: Juan Pablo Botero Londoño/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons


Four dish-shaped telescopes point at the sky with the arc of the Milky Way overhead.

Milky Way Over H.E.S.S Observatory

Caption: The darkness of the skies at H.E.S.S Observatory reveal the seemingly innumerable stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy, making it challenging to discern the constellations as seen taken with a smartphone from Namibia in June 2023. The stars Alpha and Beta Centauri are visible bottom left of the image just about the tower. The orange-hued star visible just above and to the right of the left H.E.S.S telescope is Antares, a red-giant star that is part of the constellation Scorpius.
Credit: Jianfeng Dai/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons


The Milky Way appears as a diagonal stripe bottom left to top right. It becomes more horizontal as the video progresses.

Southern Sky Over La Silla

Caption: This video shows the Milky Way’s sprawling brilliance across the celestial expanse. Among the stars’ grand theatre, the Southern Cross constellation claims its place in the scene, distinguished by its distinctive cross shape as seen in the top of this video and slightly to the right just over the Milky Way, slowly disappearing as the video progresses. This celestial marker, a prominent feature in the southern hemisphere, holds cultural and navigational significance, having served as a navigational guidepost for centuries. Accompanying the Milky Way’s grandeur are the two Magellanic clouds, celestial companions seen dancing in the distant sky. The Carina Nebula adds its ethereal glow to the cosmic panorama, painting a radiant hue against the darkness. In the midst of this celestial ballet, a gentle green hue envelops the atmosphere, a phenomenon known as airglow, adding a touch of subtle luminescence to the night sky. The terrestrial also makes an appearance, with planes flying overhead and vehicles driving between observatory buildings. This time-lapse, taken from the La Silla Observatory in Chile, is a window to the captivating dance of stars, offering a glimpse into the awe-inspiring beauty of our galaxy and the celestial landmarks that grace the southern sky.
Credit: José Rodrigues/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons


The dish of a radio telescope rotates as the Big Dipper moves in the sky behind.

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Caption: This time-lapse captures the movement of the stars alongside the majestic 64-metre Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) from the National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF), with special attention to the renowned Big Dipper against the backdrop of the celestial sphere. The camera pans as the famous asterism sinks in the sky while planes fly past and the radio telescope rotates. The harmonious interplay between the stellar pathways and the colossal dish of the radio telescope creates a mesmerising visual ode to the cosmic ballet taken in September 2019.
Credit: Antonio Finazzi/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons


Deux astronomes observent une éclipse  lunaire. Entre eux, une série de cercles lumineux tracent une trajectoire courbe

L'éclipse entre nous, par Muhammad Rayhan, Indonésie

Caption: Deuxième place au concours d'astrophotographie 2021 de l'IAU OAE, catégorie éclipse totale de lune. Les éclipses totales de lune font partie des événements célestes assez spectaculaires et peuvent être observées facilement avec ou sans télescope. Nous voyons ici les étapes de l'éclipse lunaire totale du 31.1.2018 photographiée en Indonésie : l'entrée du disque de la pleine lune dans l'ombre ronde de la Terre, la totalité comme Lune de sang, et le début de la sortie de la Lune de l'ombre de la Terre jusqu'au coucher de la Lune.
Credit: Muhammad Rayhan/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

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License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

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Description: Understand astronomical distances using street lights

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Evening Sky Watching for Students

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License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

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