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Glossary term: 时角

Description: 时角是天体的时圈与观测者子午线之间的夹角。

从地球上看,天空中的所有不同位置共同构成了一个以地球为中心的遥远球面,称为天球。天空中位于地球赤道正上方的点构成了天球的天赤道。位于地球地理北极正上方的点就是北天极,而位于地球地理南极正上方的点就是南天极。

就像地理学家在地球表面定义地理经纬度一样,人们也可以在天球上定义经纬度。观测者的子午线即对应于观测者的地理经线圈(以地球中心为圆心,经过北极、南极和观测者所在位置的圆),并将其投影到天球上。它经过天顶,且与观测者的地平在北点和南点相交。被投影到天球上、经过特定天体的经线圈称为该天体的时圈。时角是天体的时圈与观测者子午线之间的夹角。随着时间的流逝,时角也会发生变化:时角为0时,恒星在天空中的位置最高(上中天)。当恒星向西地平线移动时,时角会增大。当时角接近360度时,恒星接近下一个上中天。请注意,两次上中天的时间间隔是一个恒星日,比一个太阳日大约短4分钟。由于其与时间的这种直接联系,时角通常以“时”而非“度数”来表示,360度对应24时。时角可用来计算当前距离天体上中天的时间。这对于要制定观测计划的天文学家来说非常有用:在上中天或接近上中天的时候,也就是天体距离地平线最远的时候,是观测天体的最佳时机。

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