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Glossary term: 大爆炸核合成

Description: 核合成是较轻的原子核通过核聚变形成较重的原子核这一过程。大爆炸核合成(BBN),有时也被称为原始核合成,是指在将近140亿年前宇宙大爆炸过程中,高温高密环境下,短暂的核合成过程。根据目前的宇宙学模型,BBN 开始于早期宇宙的最初几秒钟,持续时间几分钟。这个时间与早期宇宙膨胀和冷却的速度直接相关。在BBN开始之前,宇宙温度过高,比氢更复杂的原子核无法存存在。在BBN那几分钟结束时,宇宙的温度和密度不足以让核聚变继续下去。BBN 结束后,按原子核的质量计算,大约 25% 的原子核是氦-4(一种特别稳定的氦的同位素),75% 是氢。此外,精确的观测还发现,其中还有少量的氘(一种氢同位素)、氦-3(另一种氦同位素)和锂的同位素:锂-6 和锂-7。在 BBN 过程中产生的每种元素的数量只取决于基本的宇宙学参数,因此可以进行宇宙学模型的预测。鉴于在随后的近 140 亿年中,还会有大量额外的核合成过程,特别是恒星内部的核合成,因此尝试从当今的观测数据中估算初始元素丰度是一项挑战。对于氦-4、氦-3、氘和锂-6,宇宙学 BBN 预测与观测结果非常吻合。对于锂-7,两者之间存在明显差异,但目前还不清楚这究竟是表明我们对 BBN 的理解有问题,还是估算锂-7 初始丰度的方法存在问题。

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