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Glossary term: 射電天文學

Description: 射電天文學是天文學的一個分支,專注於電磁波譜中特定區域的射電波觀測。地球的大氣層有“射頻窗口”:允許某些頻率(或波長範圍)的射電波幾乎不受阻礙地通過。這使得我們可以利用地面射電望遠鏡觀測天體射電輻射。典型的觀測頻率範圍從大約300吉赫茲(GHz)到幾十兆赫茲(MHz),對應的波長為1毫米(mm)到幾十米。在特別適合的乾燥高海拔地點,天文學家甚至可以進行亞毫米觀測,波長可達到約0.3毫米,對應頻率達到1太赫茲(THz)。大約在10 MHz的低頻限制是由於地球的電離層。這個位於大氣高層的區域含有大量帶電粒子,能反射超長射電波回到太空中。射電天文學使我們能夠觀測到來自星系和銀河系中冷氣體的輻射,如原子氫和分子氣體。通過這些觀測,天文學家可以研究稀疏的星際介質,以及恆星和行星形成的區域和過程。射電天文學還允許研究高能天體,如脈衝星和活動星系核:在這些物體內或周圍,電子在強磁場中被加速,從而發出稱為同步輻射的射電波。脈衝星以及非常亮的活動星系核(稱為類星體)都是通過射電天文學發現的,宇宙的熱大爆炸階段的遺跡,即宇宙微波背景輻射(CMB)也是通過這種方法探測到的。儘管來自太空的射電波在1930年代首次被探測到,但射電天文學直到1950年才成為觀測天文學的一個主要分支。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

This is an automated transliteration of the simplified Chinese translation of this term

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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帕克斯射電望遠鏡的全景圖,背景是藍天和幾縷薄雲。望遠鏡看起來像一個巨大的衛星天線碟。

帕克斯射電望遠鏡

Caption: 位於澳大利亞新南威爾士的帕克斯天文臺的64米射電望遠鏡自1963年起全面投入使用,並持續進行升級。該望遠鏡也被稱為“大碟”,由聯邦科學與工業研究組織進行管理。望遠鏡可以對準天空中的特定區域,來自該區域的射電電磁波會被巨大碟形天線反射並聚焦到焦點處的接收器上。隨後,天文學家可以對接收器收集的數據進行分析。
Credit: 戴維·麥克萊納根/聯邦科學與工業研究組織 credit link

License: CC-BY-3.0 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported icons

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License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

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