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Glossary term: 外行星

Description: 在太阳系中,外行星包括木星、土星、天王星和海王星。它们的轨道都在小行星带之外,并且所有这些行星都是所谓的巨行星,它们的大气层非常厚,主要由氢气构成。这使得它们在物理上与内行星截然不同,内行星都是相对较小的岩质天体,大气层相对稀薄。

对于太阳以外的恒星,其周围的行星并不一定分为具有类似特征的内行星群和外行星群--我们知道有许多恒星的近轨道上至少有一颗气态巨行星,即 "热木星"。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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木星和围绕它运行的四颗伽利略卫星中的两颗(可见亮点)。

木星的自转,作者 Vishal Sharma,印度

Caption: 2021 年国际天文学联合会 (IAU) 天文教育办公室 (OAE) 天体摄影比赛,伽利略卫星类第三名:《木星的自转》,作者 Vishal Sharma,来自印度。 这幅延时摄影作品精美地展示了木星的自转,以及画面右侧经过的两颗伽利略卫星。木星自转一圈只需不到 10 个小时,我们可以看到大红斑从左向右移动。在这短短的时间内,两颗卫星明显沿着它们的轨道前进了一段距离。这张照片是 2020 年在印度北部拍摄的。
Credit: Vishal Sharma/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


The planet Jupiter, seen here as a bright disk, is orbited by the four Galilean moons, seen here as bright dots

Jupiter Moons Movie2, by Nicolas Hurez, Paul-Antoine Matrangolo, and Carl Pennypacker, United States of America

Caption: Second place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Galilean moons. This sequence shows the orbit of the four Galilean moons around the planet Jupiter. Almost two entire orbits of the innermost moon, Io, can be seen, with the other moons (Europa and Ganymede, but in particular Callisto) being further away, orbiting noticeably slower. The images were obtained in 2018 with the Las Cumbres Global Observatory at different locations on Earth, allowing a continuous sequence of images over approximately half a week without gaps during the day. With clear skies and over the course of several nights, the motion of the Galilean moons can also be observed with binoculars (ideally steady your elbows on a surface).
Credit: Nicolas Hurez, Paul-Antoine Matrangolo and Carl Pennypacker/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


有着彩色水平云带的木星。木卫一的阴影在左上方显示为一个黑色圆圈。

木星、木卫一及其阴影,作者:Ralf Burkart,德国

Caption: 2021 年国际天文学联合会 OAE 天体摄影比赛伽利略卫星类第一名。 这幅木星的延时摄影是于2017 年从德国拍摄的,作品精美地展示了伽利略卫星之一木卫一在木星前的凌星现象。由于这只是卫星在行星上投下影子,因此相当于从更远的地方观测地球上的月食。虽然卫星的影子从一开始就清晰可见,但在木星美丽的大气带背景下,第一次观看视频时可能很难发现卫星本身。反复观看可以欣赏到这一奇妙的快速运动和旋转过程。
Credit: Ralf Burkart/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


有着水平云带和大红斑的木星

木星

Caption: 这是 2014 年 4 月 21 日利用哈勃的宽视场相机3号 (WFC3) 拍摄的木星全盘视图。它展示了明显的大红斑,一个巨大的气旋。木星表面覆盖着云带,其颜色来自氨等气体和其他化合物。
Credit: 美国国家航空航天局、欧空局和 A. Simon(戈达德太空飞行中心) credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


土星上淡褐色的云带和细长的灰色星环

土星

Caption: NASA/ESA 哈勃太空望远镜的宽视场相机3号于 2019 年 6 月 20 日观测到土星,当时这颗行星距离地球约 13.6 亿公里,是今年距离地球最近的行星。图像显示了土星表面的彩色气体条带以及由冰和岩石物质组成的突出星环。
Credit: 美国国家航空航天局、欧空局、A. Simon(戈达德太空飞行中心)和 M.H. Wong(加州大学伯克利分校) credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Uranus showing a uniformly greenish-blue coloured appearance

Uranus in natural colours

Caption: This is an image of the planet Uranus taken by the spacecraft Voyager 2 in 1986. Its appearance is close to what the naked eye would see. The greenish-blue colour indicates an atmosphere containing methane.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons


天王星呈淡蓝色圆盘状,有一个浅色的极区。行星周围环绕着薄薄的白色光环

天王星与星环

Caption: NASA/ESA 哈勃太空望远镜的 ACS/HRC 相机于 2005 年 8 月观测到天王星。天王星表面有白色的云层和明亮的极区。天王星周围的星环很窄,包含从微小尘埃颗粒到数米大小的巨石的岩石物质。
Credit: 美国国家航空航天局、欧洲航天局和 M. Showalter(SETI 研究所) credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons


Neptune is spherical and blue with thin bands of white cloud and a slightly darker spot just below its equator

Neptune

Caption: Voyager 2 Narrow Angle Camera image of Neptune taken in August 1989. The Great Dark Spot, flanked by cirrus clouds, is at center. A smaller dark storm, Dark Spot Jr., is rotating into view at bottom left. Additionally, a patch of white cirrus clouds to its north, named "Scooter" for its rapid motion relative to other features, is visible.
Credit: NASA / JPL / Voyager-ISS / Justin Cowart credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons