Glossary term: 恒星演化
Description: 恒星演化描述了恒星的衰老以及它们在生命周期中的变化。与生物进化不同,恒星演化并不是指不同代恒星之间性状的变化。
恒星一生中的大部分时间都处于恒星演化的主序阶段,在其内核中将氢聚变成氦并释放能量。随着恒星年龄的增长,其内核中的氢开始耗尽,内核会收缩,并变得足够热以开始氦聚变。根据恒星的质量,这可能会导致其演化为巨星或超巨星。在一些巨星和超巨星中,核聚变会产生越来越重的元素。
初始质量介于0.5到8倍太阳质量之间的恒星最终会形成碳、氧和(或)氖的内核,而氢和氦的聚变会在内核周围的外壳中继续进行,从而形成洋葱状的分层结构。它们最终会失去外层,形成行星状星云,只剩下内核,成为一颗又小又亮的白矮星。
质量超过 8 个太阳质量的恒星会继续燃烧更重的元素,直到核心的原子核聚变成铁。此时,进一步的核聚变已无法释放额外的能量。这就引发了超新星爆发,留下的要么是一颗非常致密的中子星,要么是一颗质量非常大的黑洞。
行星状星云和超新星爆发都会把恒星中的物质喷射到星际介质中。在演化的某些阶段,许多恒星也会通过恒星风、极端脉动或爆发喷射出物质。由于核聚变,以及爆发时本身的核反应,喷出的物质富含重元素。这些富集的物质可能会进入下一代恒星中。
恒星在所有这些阶段的演化都可能因与多恒星系统中的伴星相互作用而改变。
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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval
The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".
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