Glossary term: Halo

Description: Un halo est un phénomène optique causé par des cristaux de glace dans l'atmosphère terrestre. Tout comme la réfraction et la réflexion dans les gouttelettes d'eau provoquent des arcs-en-ciel, la lumière du soleil traversant les cristaux de glace est réfléchie et réfractée à l'intérieur de ceux-ci pour former des halos. Les halos peuvent prendre différentes formes et être causés par la lumière du Soleil ou de la Lune. Le halo de 22 degrés est un halo circulaire qui se forme comme une fine bande de lumière autour du Soleil ou de la Lune. La géométrie de ce halo est le résultat des propriétés des cristaux de glace que la lumière du soleil ou de la lune traverse dans l'atmosphère.

Le mot halo est également utilisé dans d'autres contextes astronomiques, notamment : halo galactique, halo de matière noire et halo stellaire, qui sont tous des composants majeurs de la structure des galaxies.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

Related Media

A halo is an optical phenomenon where circles or arcs of light are visible in the sky. Halos are caused a bright object such

Selene meets the Moon, by Sheila Wiwchar, Canada

Caption: First place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Sun/Moon haloes. Photographed at Kaleida, Manitoba in Canada, this fisheye image beautifully captures the rare optical phenomena encircling the moon known as the “22° halo” and the horizontal white circle passing through the moon called the “paraselenic circle”. The white band circling the whole sky at the same altitude as the moon is named after Selene, the ancient Greek Titan, famously called the goddess of the moon. The more commonly observed counterpart produced by the sun is known as the parhelic circle, named after the Greek god of the sun, Helios. Both the 22° halo and the paraselenic circle are produced due to reflection of the moonlight from near vertical surfaces of ice crystals. Parts closer to the moon are caused due to external reflections, whereas those further away are created due to internal reflections. The constellation of the big dipper at the center makes this image even more spectacular. Can you spot it?
Credit: Sheila Wiwchar/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

Le Soleil, entouré de plusieurs cercles et arcs lumineux, au-dessus d'un paysage enneigé et bordé d'arbres.

Halo d'hiver, par Thomas Gigl, Allemagne

Caption: Deuxième place au concours d'astrophotographie 2021 de l'UAI OAE, catégorie halos Soleil/Lune. Photographiée à Jochberg, dans la célèbre région de ski autrichienne du Tyrol, cette image montre de multiples caractéristiques liées aux halos de glace, qui sont plus fréquents autour du Soleil, en raison de sa luminosité, qu'autour de la Lune. La réflexion externe et interne des rayons solaires sur les faces des cristaux de glace et à l'intérieur des différents types de cristaux de glace entraîne ces phénomènes liés aux halos. Le halo de 22° entoure le Soleil, avec deux points lumineux en bordure appelés Sundogs, Parhelia ou Mock Suns observés à gauche et à droite à la même hauteur que le Soleil. La bande blanche horizontale appelée cercle parhélique, du nom du dieu du Soleil Hélios, passe par le Soleil et les Sundogs à la même élévation angulaire. Un arc tangent supérieur, un arc de parade en forme d'enclume et un arc tangent inférieur sont aussi vus touchant également le haut et le bas du halo de 22°. Un arc de type arc-en-ciel inversé ou l'arc circumzénithal est vu touchant l'arc supralatéral brillant, les deux étant moins fréquemment observés.
Credit: Thomas Gigl/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

The four telescope domes of VLT. One dome is open and firing laser beams. In the sky, the moon has a ring of light around it.

ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Paranal Observatory with a lunar halo

Caption: The Very Large Telescope on Cerro Paranal in Chile has four reflecting telescopes each with a primary mirror 8.2m across. In this image one dome is open and firing laser beams into the sky. These lasers create artificial stars in the sky that can be used to adjust the telescope optics to remove the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere. This process is known as adaptive optics. In the sky the Moon is surrounded by a bright halo. This is caused by light from the moon reflecting inside ice crystals in the Earth's atmosphere.
Credit: Juan Carlos Muñoz-Mateos/ESO credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

Lunar rainbow and lunar Brocken spectre, by Kouji Ohnishi, Japan

Caption: Third place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Sun/Moon haloes. This stunning photograph of the lunar rainbow and the lunar Brocken Spectre amidst the night sky was captured from Mount Tsubakuro located in Japan’s Hida Mountains in Nagano. Both these atmospheric occurrences are due to the moon’s light being reflected and refracted from water droplets. A lunar rainbow or a moonbow is a rare phenomenon that occurs with the right settings of a bright full moon which is less than 42° high, rain on the opposite side of the moon and a dark night sky. The Brocken Spectre is named after the highest peak of the Harz mountain range in Germany, where it was first recorded. Here it is seen from the summit as a magnified shadow of the observer cast onto the cloud surrounded by a glory consisting of concentric circles centered at the point directly opposite the bright moon in the background.
Credit: Kouji Ohnishi/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) icons

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