Didascalia: Menzione d'onore al concorso di astrofotografia IAU OAE 2022, categoria Immagini fisse di modelli celesti. Scattata a Dar Eid a Santa Caterina/Sinai, in Egitto, nell'ottobre 2021, questa immagine mostra le Pleiadi, un ammasso aperto noto anche come le Sette Sorelle. Le Pleiadi si trovano nella parte nord-occidentale della costellazione del Toro. Questa costellazione trae origine dall'antica credenza babilonese o addirittura sumerica, dove veniva designata come il Toro del cielo, una potente creatura di proprietà del dio del cielo. In epoca tardo-babilonese, le Pleiadi erano chiamate le setole della gobba del Toro. In Cina, l'asterismo è chiamato anche I Capelli, ma ciò non implica necessariamente una relazione tra i nomi di questo asterismo dell'Asia orientale e dell'Asia occidentale, anche se si ipotizza uno scambio con la creazione della Via della Seta. Negli antichi testi babilonesi il termine Capelli non compare. Invece, solo in sumero le Pleiadi sono chiamate l'ammasso stellare, e il termine sumero è stato utilizzato nelle lingue successive come prestito linguistico. La religione sumera e quella dei primi babilonesi associavano tutte le costellazioni a specifiche divinità, tra cui dei, demoni, messaggeri degli dei. L'ammasso stellare era associato a una divinità dell'oltretomba chiamata I Sette e considerata un insieme di sette armi parlanti o divinità ben armate. Il successivo nome greco delle Sette Sorelle potrebbe essere nato da un fraintendimento interculturale di questa più antica associazione religiosa, poiché, in realtà, in questo ammasso non si vedono sette stelle. L'ammasso stellare delle Pleiadi è davvero prominente nel cielo e per questo è stato utilizzato per diversi scopi culturali, come la determinazione del calendario e dell'equinozio di primavera. Tuttavia, il suo significato è spesso sopravvalutato nell'astronomia culturale. Poiché la tradizione di rappresentarle con sette punti deriva da un'antica credenza sumera, dovremmo essere cauti nell'interpretare qualsiasi gruppo di sette punti sulle pareti delle caverne e nei siti archeologici in Europa, Asia e America dall'età della pietra in poi come una rappresentazione delle Pleiadi. L'astrofisica moderna ha scoperto che l'ammasso stellare delle Pleiadi è straordinariamente giovane, quindi nell'antichità non c'era certamente una stella in più. Inoltre, sappiamo che le stelle luminose sono solo la regione centrale di un ammasso stellare aperto che consiste in centinaia di stelle sparse in un'area del cielo che supera il nucleo luminoso di uno o due diametri in qualsiasi direzione. La fotografia non mostra nemmeno l'intero ammasso. Si ritiene che l'ammasso si trovi a circa 400 anni luce di distanza dalla Terra, una distanza relativamente vicina in termini astronomici.
Crediti: Mohamed Usama/IAU OAU

Didascalia: La costellazione di Andromeda mostra le stelle luminose e le costellazioni circostanti. Andromeda è circondata da (in senso orario dall'alto) Cassiopea, Lacerta, Pegaso, Pesci, Ariete, Triangolo e Perseo. La stella più luminosa di Andromeda (Alpheratz) si trova nella parte inferiore della costellazione. Insieme a tre stelle di Pegaso forma l'asterismo noto come "Grande Quadrato di Pegaso". Le due successive stelle luminose della costellazione (Mirach e Almach) formano una linea che si estende a nord-est da Alpheratz. Andromeda è una costellazione settentrionale ed è maggiormente visibile nelle ore serali dell'autunno dell'emisfero settentrionale. È visibile da tutto l'emisfero settentrionale e dalla maggior parte delle regioni temperate dell'emisfero meridionale, ma non è visibile dalle regioni antartiche e subantartiche. L'oggetto più famoso di Andromeda, la Galassia di Andromeda, è contrassegnato da un'ellisse rossa e dal numero di catalogo Messier M31. Il cerchio giallo a sinistra indica la posizione dell'ammasso aperto NGC 752 e il cerchio verde a destra indica NGC 7662 (la nebulosa blu a palla di neve), una nebulosa planetaria. L'asse y di questo diagramma è in gradi di declinazione, con il nord in alto, mentre l'asse x è in ore di ascensione retta, con l'est a sinistra. Le dimensioni delle stelle qui segnate si riferiscono alla magnitudine apparente della stella, una misura della sua luminosità apparente. I punti più grandi rappresentano le stelle più luminose. Le lettere greche indicano le stelle più luminose della costellazione. Queste sono classificate in base alla luminosità: la stella più luminosa è etichettata come alfa, la seconda più luminosa come beta e così via, anche se questo ordine non viene sempre seguito esattamente.
Crediti: Adattato dall'Ufficio IAU dell'astronomia per l'educazione dall'originale di IAU/Sky & Telescope

Didascalia: The constellation Scorpius (often commonly called Scorpio) along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Scorpius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Ophiuchus, Serpens Caput, Libra, Lupus, Norma, Ara, Corona Australis and Sagittarius. Scorpius’s brightest star Antares appears in the heart of the constellation with the famous tail of Scoprius in the south-east (lower left). Scorpius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun only spends a short amount of time in late November in Scorpius. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Scorpius. Scorpius lies south of the celestial equator. The whole constellation is not visible from the most arctic regions of the world with parts of Scorpius obscured for observers in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Scorpius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The yellow circles mark the positions of the open clusters M6, M7 & NGC 6231 while the yellow circles with plus signs superimposed on them mark the globular clusters M4 and M80. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination and with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The circle around Antares indicates that it is a variable star. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky. The blue line marks the ecliptic, the path the Sun appears to travel across the sky over the course of one year.
Crediti: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Didascalia: The constellation Sagittarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Sagittarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scorpius, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Microscopium and Capricornus. The brighter stars in Sagittarius form a distinctive teapot shape. Sagittarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Sagittarius from mid December to mid January. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Sagittarius. Sagittarius lies south of the celestial equator. The famous teapot asterism is visible for all but the most arctic regions of the world but the most southerly parts of the constellation are not visible in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Sagittarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* which lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is sits on the western (here right-hand) edge of Sagittarius. Due to it covering an area at the center of our Galaxy, Sagittarius is home to many star clusters including open clusters (marked here with yellow circles) and globular clusters (marked here with yellow circles with + signs superimposed on them). Three nebulae are also marked here with green squares. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination and with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Crediti: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Didascalia: The constellation Aquarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Aquarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Pegasus, Equuleus, Aquila, Capricornus, Piscis Austrinus, Sculptor, Cetus and Pisces. Aquarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Aquarius from mid February to mid March. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Aquarius. Aquarius spans the celestial equator and is thus visible at some time in the year from all of planet Earth. In the most arctic or antarctic regions of the world, some parts of the constellation may not be visible. Aquarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. The yellow circles with plus symbols superimposed on them mark the globular clusters M2 and M72. The green circles superimposed on plus symbols mark the planetary nebulae NGC 7293 (the Helix Nebula) and NGC 7002 (the Saturn Nebula). M73 (marked with an x symbol) is a coincident grouping of stars previously erroneously classified as an open cluster. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination and with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Crediti: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Didascalia: The constellation Crux (commonly known as the Southern Cross or Crux Australis) showing its bright stars and surrounding constellations. The Southern Cross is surrounding by (going clockwise from the top) Centaurus, Carina and Musca. The brightest star is alpha Crucis which appears at the bottom of the constellation's famous kite shape. The Southern Cross is visible from southern and equatorial regions of the world. In more southerly parts of the world it is circumpolar so is always above the horizon. In other parts of the southern hemisphere and in equatorial regions it is most visible in the evenings in the southern hemisphere autumn. The yellow circles show the locations of two open clusters, NGC 4755 (known as the Jewel Box) and NGC 4609. The line joining gamma and alpha Crucis (the third and first brightest stars in the Southern Cross) points in the approximate direction of the South Celestial Pole. This has led to the Southern Cross playing an important role in celestial navigation, allowing navigators from different astronomical traditions to find their bearings. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination and with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Crediti: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope.

Didascalia: The constellation Taurus along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Taurus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Perseus, Aries, Cetus, Eridanus, Orion, Gemini and Auriga. Taurus’s brightest star Aldebaran appears in the middle of the constellation. Taurus lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Taurus from mid May to late June. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Taurus. Taurus lies mostly north of the celestial equator with a small part in the celestial southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is visible at some point in the year to whole planet except for the Antarctic and a small region around the North Pole. Taurus is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. In the eastern part of Taurus we can find the supernova remnant M1 (commonly known as the Crab Nebula), marked here with a green square. In Taurus’s north-east find one of the sky’s most famous open stars clusters M45 (the Pleiades), marked here with a yellow circle. Many of the stars near Aldebaran (but not) Aldebaran are members of another star cluster, the Hyades. However this cluster is close to the solar system so is too dispersed on the sky to have a Messier object designation like the Pleiades has. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination and with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Crediti: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

Didascalia: The zodiac constellation Cancer and its surrounding constellations. Starting from the top of the diagram and going clockwise, these are Lynx, Gemini, Canis Minor, Hydra, Leo and Leo Minor. The ecliptic (shown here as a blue line) passes almost exactly through the middle of the constellation, this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Cancer from late July to mid August. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Cancer. Cancer lies just north of the celestial equator and is thus visible at some time in the year from all of planet Earth except for the most antarctic regions of the world. Cancer is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. Two star clusters are visible in Cancer: M44, an open cluster often called the Beehive Cluster, and M46, a denser open cluster with about four times more stars than M44. These clusters are indicated by yellow circles with a dotted border on the map. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination and with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labelled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Crediti: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope