This page describes an image Apparatus for determining the gravitional constant
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Observations of the motions of the planets around the Sun, or the Moon around the Earth, could not yield the gravitational constant, as in those cases, the mass of the central body is not initially known. Measuring the gravitational constant required a situation where the masses involved had been determined independent of measuring their gravitational attraction. The device shown here was built by John Michell (1724–1793), but Michell died before he could perform the experiment. Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) inherited the device, modified it so as to suppress external disturbances, and successfully completed the experiment. Cavendish's report to the Royal Society was under the title of "Experiments to determine the density of the Earth" as, from knowledge of the gravitational constant, the gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface and the Earth's radius, one can determine the Earth's mass and its mean density. From the modern perspective, what is now known as the "Cavendish experiment" is seen as a way of determining Newton's gravitational constant G.
The image shows a cross-section of the apparatus, which Cavendish had further isolated from environmental influences by putting it into a separate room and inside a wooden box. The devices allowing Cavendish to illuminate, observe and manipulate the experiment from the outside are pictured as well. The core of the experiment is a torsion balance using two small lead spheres. The restoring force of the torsion pendulum is deduced from its natural oscillation frequency in the absence of the large masses. The gravitational attraction of the small lead spheres to their larger counterparts can then be determined by measuring how far it makes the torsion pendulum masses deviate from their null position.
The image is a slightly modified (cropped, contrast and brightness adjusted) version of Fig. 1 in Cavendish's article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Volume 88 (December 1798), pp. 469–526 [DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022]. The permission of the Royal Society to publish this image under a CC BY licenses gratefully acknowledged.
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图片来源 Henry Cavendish in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022 来源链接
相关术语表词条:
万有引力
, 引力常数
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物理学
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图片说明 Aus der Beobachtung der Bewegungen der Planeten um die Sonne oder des Mondes um die Erde konnte die Gravitationskonstante nicht ermittelt werden, da in diesen Fällen die Masse des Zentralkörpers zunächst nicht bekannt ist. Die Messung der Gravitationskonstante erforderte eine Situation, in der die beteiligten Massen unabhängig von der Messung ihrer Anziehungskraft bestimmt worden waren. Die hier gezeigte Vorrichtung wurde von John Michell (1724-1793) gebaut, doch Michell starb, bevor er das Experiment durchführen konnte. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) erbte die Vorrichtung, modifizierte sie so, dass äußere Störungen unterdrückt wurden, und führte das Experiment erfolgreich durch. Cavendishs Bericht an die Royal Society trug den Titel "Experimente zur Bestimmung der Dichte der Erde", denn aus der Kenntnis der Gravitationskonstante, der Gravitationsbeschleunigung an der Erdoberfläche und des Erdradius lassen sich die Masse der Erde und ihre mittlere Dichte bestimmen. Aus heutiger Sicht wird das so genannte "Cavendish-Experiment" als eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung der Newtonschen Gravitationskonstante G angesehen.
Das Bild zeigt einen Querschnitt der Apparatur, die Cavendish zusätzlich von Umwelteinflüssen isoliert hatte, indem er sie in einen separaten Raum und in eine Holzkiste stellte. Die Vorrichtungen, die es Cavendish ermöglichten, das Experiment von außen zu beleuchten, zu beobachten und zu manipulieren, sind ebenfalls abgebildet. Das Herzstück des Experiments ist eine Torsionswaage mit zwei kleinen Bleikugeln. Die Rückstellkraft des Torsionspendels wird aus seiner Eigenschwingungsfrequenz in Abwesenheit der großen Massen abgeleitet. Die Anziehungskraft der kleinen Bleikugeln auf ihre größeren Gegenstücke kann dann bestimmt werden, indem man misst, wie weit sie die Massen des Torsionspendels von ihrer Nullposition abweichen lässt.
Bei dem Bild handelt es sich um eine leicht veränderte (beschnittene, Kontrast und Helligkeit angepasste) Version von Abb. 1 in Cavendishs Artikel in den Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Band 88 (Dezember 1798), S. 469-526 [DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022]. Wir danken der Royal Society für die Erlaubnis, dieses Bild unter einer CC BY-Lizenz zu veröffentlichen.
图片来源 Henry Cavendish in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022
相关术语表词条: Gravitationskonstante , Schwerkraft 注释翻译状态: 尚未由审核人员批准
注释翻译者: Emma Krojanski
图片说明 Observations of the motions of the planets around the Sun, or the Moon around the Earth, could not yield the gravitational constant, as in those cases, the mass of the central body is not initially known. Measuring the gravitational constant required a situation where the masses involved had been determined independent of measuring their gravitational attraction. The device shown here was built by John Michell (1724–1793), but Michell died before he could perform the experiment. Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) inherited the device, modified it so as to suppress external disturbances, and successfully completed the experiment. Cavendish's report to the Royal Society was under the title of "Experiments to determine the density of the Earth" as, from knowledge of the gravitational constant, the gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface and the Earth's radius, one can determine the Earth's mass and its mean density. From the modern perspective, what is now known as the "Cavendish experiment" is seen as a way of determining Newton's gravitational constant G.
The image shows a cross-section of the apparatus, which Cavendish had further isolated from environmental influences by putting it into a separate room and inside a wooden box. The devices allowing Cavendish to illuminate, observe and manipulate the experiment from the outside are pictured as well. The core of the experiment is a torsion balance using two small lead spheres. The restoring force of the torsion pendulum is deduced from its natural oscillation frequency in the absence of the large masses. The gravitational attraction of the small lead spheres to their larger counterparts can then be determined by measuring how far it makes the torsion pendulum masses deviate from their null position.
The image is a slightly modified (cropped, contrast and brightness adjusted) version of Fig. 1 in Cavendish's article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Volume 88 (December 1798), pp. 469–526 [DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022]. The permission of the Royal Society to publish this image under a CC BY licenses gratefully acknowledged.
图片来源 Henry Cavendish in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022
相关术语表词条: Gravitational Constant , Gravity
图片说明 L'observation du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil ou de la Lune autour de la Terre ne permet pas d'obtenir la constante gravitationnelle, car dans ces cas, la masse du corps central n'est pas connue au départ. Pour mesurer la constante gravitationnelle, il fallait que les masses en jeu aient été déterminées indépendamment de la mesure de leur attraction gravitationnelle. Le dispositif illustré ici a été construit par John Michell (1724-1793), mais celui-ci est décédé avant d'avoir pu réaliser l'expérience. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) a hérité du dispositif, l'a modifié de manière à supprimer les perturbations externes et a réalisé l'expérience avec succès. Le rapport de Cavendish à la Royal Society s'intitulait "Experiments to determine the density of the Earth" (Expériences pour déterminer la densité de la Terre) car, à partir de la connaissance de la constante gravitationnelle, de l'accélération gravitationnelle à la surface de la Terre et du rayon de la Terre, on peut alors déterminer la masse de la Terre et sa densité moyenne. D'un point de vue moderne, ce que l'on appelle aujourd'hui "l'expérience de Cavendish" est considérée comme un moyen de déterminer la constante gravitationnelle G de Newton.
L'image montre une coupe transversale de l'appareil, que Cavendish a isolé des influences environnementales en le plaçant dans une pièce séparée et à l'intérieur d'une boîte en bois. Les dispositifs permettant à Cavendish d'éclairer, d'observer et de manipuler l'expérience depuis l'extérieur sont également illustrés. Le cœur de l'expérience est une balance de torsion utilisant deux petites sphères de plomb. La force de rappel du pendule de torsion est déduite de sa fréquence d'oscillation naturelle en l'absence des grandes masses. L'attraction gravitationnelle des petites sphères de plomb sur leurs homologues plus grandes peut alors être déterminée en mesurant jusqu'où elle fait dévier les masses du pendule de torsion de leur position nulle.
L'image est une version légèrement modifiée (recadrée, contraste et luminosité ajustés) de la figure 1 de l'article de Cavendish publié dans les Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, volume 88 (décembre 1798), pp. 469-526 [DOI : 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022]. Nous remercions la Royal Society d'avoir autorisé la publication de cette image sous licence CC BY.
图片来源 Henry Cavendish dans Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI : 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022
相关术语表词条: Constante gravitationnelle , Gravité 注释翻译状态: 尚未由审核人员批准
注释翻译者: Olivier Bonneton
图片说明 Le osservazioni dei moti dei pianeti intorno al Sole, o della Luna intorno alla Terra non possono fornire la costante gravitazionale, poiché in questi casi la massa del corpo centrale non è inizialmente nota. La misurazione della costante gravitazionale richiedeva una situazione in cui le masse coinvolte fossero state determinate indipendentemente dalla misurazione della loro attrazione gravitazionale. Il dispositivo qui mostrato fu costruito da John Michell (1724-1793), ma Michell morì prima di poter eseguire l'esperimento. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) ereditò il dispositivo, lo modificò in modo da sopprimere le perturbazioni esterne, e completò con successo l'esperimento. La relazione di Cavendish alla Royal Society era intitolata "Esperimenti per determinare la densità della Terra", in quanto, dalla conoscenza della costante gravitazionale, dell'accelerazione gravitazionale sulla superficie terrestre e del raggio terrestre, è possibile determinare la massa della Terra e la sua densità media. Dal punto di vista moderno, quello che oggi è noto come "esperimento di Cavendish" è visto come un modo per determinare la costante gravitazionale G di Newton.
L'immagine mostra una sezione trasversale dell'apparecchio, che Cavendish aveva ulteriormente isolato dalle influenze ambientali collocandolo in una stanza separata e all'interno di una scatola di legno. Sono raffigurati anche i dispositivi che hanno permesso a Cavendish di illuminare, osservare e modificare l'esperimento dall'esterno. Il cuore dell'esperimento è una bilancia di torsione che utilizza due piccole sfere di piombo. La forza di ripristino del pendolo di torsione è dedotta dalla sua frequenza di oscillazione naturale in assenza di grandi masse. L'attrazione gravitazionale delle piccole sfere di piombo verso le loro controparti più grandi può essere calcolaata misurando quanto fa deviare le masse del pendolo di torsione dalla loro posizione nulla.
L'immagine è una versione leggermente modificata (ritagliata, regolata nel contrasto e nella luminosità) della Fig. 1 dell'articolo di Cavendish nelle Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Volume 88 (dicembre 1798), pp. 469-526 [DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022]. Si ringrazia idella Royal Society per aver concesso di pubblicare questa immagine con licenza CC BY.
图片来源 Henry Cavendish in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022
相关术语表词条: Costante gravitazionale , Gravità 注释翻译状态: 尚未由审核人员批准
注释翻译者: Giuliana Giobbi



