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Glossary term: Altitud

Description: La altitud tiene dos significados: denota un ángulo específico en un determinado tipo de sistema de coordenadas ("la altitud de una estrella") o una distancia vertical relativa a un nivel de referencia dado ("5000 m sobre el nivel del mar").

En astronomía (y topografía), la altitud es un ángulo en los llamados sistemas de coordenadas horizontales. Ese ángulo mide la altura a la que se encuentra un objeto sobre el horizonte: si se apunta con el dedo al objeto y luego se mueve ese dedo en línea recta hacia el horizonte, la dirección del brazo habrá cambiado en el ángulo que constituye la altitud. La altitud se mide en grados o en radianes. Un objeto en el horizonte tendría una altitud de 0°, y un objeto que está directamente encima, "en el cenit", tendría una altitud de 90°. Los valores de altitud negativos se asignan a los objetos que se encuentran por debajo del horizonte: en este caso, el ángulo de altitud mide la distancia a la que se encuentra el objeto. Un objeto que se encuentre directamente bajo tus pies, "en el nadir", tendría una altitud de -90°.

En otros contextos, como la aviación o la física atmosférica, la altitud es una medida de la altura a la que se encuentra un lugar por encima de un determinado nivel de referencia. En la Tierra, la altitud suele definirse como la altura sobre el nivel medio del mar. En este sentido, la altitud se mide en una unidad de longitud, como los metros.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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Related Diagrams


Two diagrams, on the right the sky forms a dome over the observer. On the left we see this dome on the Earth's surface

Horizontal Coordinate System

Caption: This image shows the horizontal coordinate system of an observer on Earth. On the right we see the coordinate system in the local context of the observer. The observer appears here as a point surrounded by the celestial sphere. The ground appears as a plane, while the Earth is round, we can approximate the ground in the area around the observer as a plane. The line where this plane intersects with the celestial sphere is the horizon. The point directly above the observer is the zenith, the point directly below the observer is the nadir which is hidden by the ground. Two coordinates define this coordinate system, altitude and azimuth, hence the reason this sometimes called an alt-az coordinate system. The altitude is zero at the horizon, maximum (90°) at the zenith and minimum (-90°) at the nadir. Azimuth is the angle around the horizon. Most commonly this is defined to be zero in the direction of north. Any point on the celestial sphere can be defined by these two coordinates. However what objects appear on these position will depend on the time and the location of the observer. On the left-hand part of the diagram, we can see that when we put the observer and their local horizontal coordinate system in a global context, that the parts of the sky the observer can see depend on their position on the Earth and on the rotation of the Earth. The zenith points perpendicular to the Earth's surface so the position on the sky the zenith and nadir correspond to is dependent on the observer's latitude. The horizon also depends on the observer's position on the Earth.
Credit: Maria Cristina Fortuna/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) icons