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Glossary term: Materia oscura

Description: La materia oscura es una forma de materia hipotética que tiene masa, pero que es completamente transparente y no emite luz. Se ha postulado como explicación conjunta de diversos fenómenos relacionados con las interacciones gravitatorias.

Las primeras pruebas de la existencia de la materia oscura procedían de galaxias situadas en cúmulos galácticos, de las que se observó que se movían a velocidades relativamente elevadas. Postular una masa adicional sirvió para explicar por qué, a pesar de sus velocidades, las galaxias en cuestión estaban ligadas gravitacionalmente a su cúmulo en lugar de escapar. Las mediciones realizadas por Vera Rubin y otros astrónomos sobre las velocidades a las que orbitan las estrellas y el gas en las galaxias de disco propiciaron una mayor aceptación del concepto de materia oscura: en ese contexto, las leyes habituales de la gravedad requieren la existencia de una masa considerable, además de la materia visible, para explicar las elevadas velocidades de rotación observadas. Más recientemente, las observaciones de lentes gravitacionales han revelado la presencia de una considerable cantidad de masa no luminosa en los cúmulos de galaxias.

En cosmología, la historia de la expansión del Universo apunta a que hay más materia en el Universo de la que se observa en forma de materia luminosa. La explicación más habitual del desarrollo de estructuras en el Universo primitivo también se basa en la presencia de materia oscura. Por estas razones, los modelos cosmológicos estándar se denominan «modelos Lambda CDM», donde CDM significa (por sus siglas en inglés) «materia oscura fría» (de movimiento lento).

La naturaleza de la materia oscura es un tema está siendo objeto de intensa investigación y debate tanto en cosmología como en física de partículas. Las pruebas de la existencia de la materia oscura siguen siendo indirectas, basándose en observaciones de los efectos de la masa de la materia oscura sobre la materia luminosa o la luz. Existen varias hipótesis sobre especies de partículas elementales aún no detectadas que podrían constituir la materia oscura, pero los experimentos diseñados para encontrar pruebas directas de la existencia de dichas partículas candidatas no han tenido éxito hasta ahora. También hay otras explicaciones propuestas que pretenden dar cuenta de las observaciones relevantes sin recurrir a nuevas especies de partículas.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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Related Media


Measurements of how gravity distorts light in the galaxy cluster ZwCl0024+1652, shows a "ring" of dark matter in blue

Dark matter

Caption: This image of the galaxy cluster ZwCl0024+1652 is created using mathematical modelling, together with observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The Hubble observations were taken in November 2004 by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The exquisite resolution of the ACS, allowed very detailed measurements to be made of the gravitational lensing in the cluster. The blue nebulosity is a superimposed ""map"" of the dark matter distribution in the galaxy cluster and is not visible in the observations, but is a mathematical model created based on the gravitational lensing data. The ""dark matter ring"" the is present in the image is one of the strongest pieces of evidence to date for the existence of dark matter. Observational data provides evidence that Dark matter makes up about 1/4 of the Universe, and is believed to make up the underlying structure of the cosmos. In addition, a large percentage the mass in galaxies and galaxy clusters is dark matter, which is not visible via direct observations.
Credit: NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee and H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University) credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) icons


Galaxies map, each dot is a galaxy, forming a web-like structure, the outer circle marks a distance of 2 billion light years

SDSS Redshift Map

Caption: This image shows a map of the distribution of galaxies and is based on redshift data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Redshift measurements provides information on the distances, positions and motions of the galaxies. The Earth is located at the center of the image, and each dot represents a galaxy. The outer circle represents a ""distance"" of about 2 billion light years. The idea of distance in cosmology is complex because the usual measurement of distance is the separation between two points in space at the same time. However, because of the speed of light, the further a distance, the farther back in time we are observing. The numbers on the outer circle are Right Ascension coordinates mapped onto a flat circle, and provides information on the position of the galaxies on the sky. The colours used represent the ages of the stars in the galaxies, the redder, more strongly clustered points represent galaxies comprising of older stars. The dark wedges that do not contain any dots are regions that were not mapped by the SDSS due to dust from the Milky Way galaxy obscuring the view.
Credit: M. Blanton and Sloan Digital Sky Survey credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) icons

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astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
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License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) icons
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License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) icons
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