词条 红巨星
描述: 红巨星是指表面温度相对较低，但直径比太阳等主序星大几十倍甚至上百倍的恒星。相对较低的温度使恒星表面呈现红色，而较大的直径则使恒星的亮度远超太阳。红巨星最初是主序星，即类似太阳的恒星，在其内核中通过核聚变将氢燃烧成氦。当这样一颗恒星的氢燃料耗尽时，它就会开始燃烧氦并合成更重的元素。这时，恒星会膨胀，其表面会在此过程中冷却下来，随着体积的增大，恒星会变得更加明亮。太阳将在数十亿年后进入红巨星阶段，届时地球上的生命很可能无法存活。红巨星的例子有，位于牧夫座的大角星和位于鲸鱼座的米拉星。红巨星的脉动（即恒星反复变大和变小的振荡）并不稳定，在脉动过程中，亮度会发生变化。米拉星就是一个极端的例子，它的亮度可以变化 1000 倍。在天文学家使用的光谱分类中，红巨星的光谱型大多属于M型，也有一些属于K型。红巨星和所谓的红超巨星类似，但质量更低。
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其他语言版本
- 阿拉伯语: العملاق الأحمر
- 德语: Roter Riese
- 英语: Red Giant
- 法语: Géante rouge
- 意大利语: Gigante rossa
- 日语: 赤色巨星 (外部链接)
- 繁体中文: 紅巨星
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The red supergiant Betelgeuse
图注： The image shows Betelgeuse, a red supergiant in the constellation Orion, observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). ALMA consists of many antennae spread across a plain in Northern Chile. The observations from all of these receivers is synthesised together by a central computer to form an image. The wide distances between the antennae mean that is can resolve very fine details.
Most stars we observe are just seen as points of light, but Betelgeuse is so large (with a radius about 1,400 times larger than the Sun) and is sufficiently nearby that it is one of the few stars to have been resolved to show it as an extended object.
Betelgeuse is a massive star, more than 14 times the mass of the Sun and is relatively young for a star (less than 14 million years old). However, its high mass led to it having a very hot core which burned through its hydrogen fuel quickly. It has since evolved through many stages and now appears as a red supergiant, it's final stage before exploding as a supernova. When such an explosion will happen is not known for certain, but it could be in around 100,000 years. Such an explosion would be visible from Earth, even during the day.
来源： ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E. O’Gorman/P. Kervella
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