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Glossary term: Observación

Description: Las observaciones astronómicas consisten en recoger y/o medir la radiación electromagnética, las partículas o las ondas gravitacionales que nos llegan desde un objeto astronómico. En el pasado, los seres humanos observaban con sus ojos y, desde principios del siglo XVII, a través de telescopios. Hoy en día también se puede recurrir a una gran variedad de cámaras, espectrómetros y otros instrumentos. La información que se recopila, como una imagen sin procesar obtenida de una cámara, se conoce como datos (observacionales).

Estos datos contienen información sobre el objeto y el medio intermedio (por ejemplo, el medio interestelar o intergaláctico), pero siguen dependiendo de las características específicas del instrumento; por ejemplo, si una parte de la cámara es más sensible que otra. Los datos también dependen de los contaminantes; por ejemplo, al recoger la luz de un objeto astronómico, normalmente también recogemos la luz de primer plano dispersada en la atmósfera terrestre. La eliminación, en la medida de lo posible, de las partes específicas del instrumento y de los contaminantes se denomina reducción de datos. Los productos finales típicos de las observaciones son imágenes, espectros y series temporales (observaciones repetidas del mismo objeto u objetos; por ejemplo, datos de púlsares o estrellas variables). Estos pueden utilizarse para medir diversas magnitudes, como el ángulo entre dos objetos, el momento en que se observó un evento o la magnitud aparente de un objeto.

Las observaciones se diferencian de los experimentos que se llevan a cabo en muchos laboratorios científicos en que el observador no puede interactuar con los propios objetos astronómicos de la misma manera que lo hace un químico al mezclar dos sustancias químicas. En algunos contextos, las observaciones pueden complementarse en ocasiones con experimentos sobre los propios objetos, como el estudio de meteoritos, o mediante el envío de sondas espaciales a objetos del Sistema Solar.

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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Caption: Honorable mention in the 2023 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category of Still images taken exclusively with smartphones/mobile devices. Beneath the sprawling expanse of the night sky over Colombia's Tatacoa Desert, a telescope finds its alignment with the majestic galactic core, while a smartphone captures this cosmic encounter. This snapshot, taken on 9 June 2023 during an astronomy camp, epitomises the accessible beauty of celestial marvels. It showcases the mesmerising grandeur of the night sky, inviting both the casual stargazer and the passionate astronomer alike. The splendour of the Milky Way, elegantly captured through a mobile device, seamlessly bridges the gap between sophisticated equipment and the pure, profound joy of observing the stars.
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Four dish-shaped telescopes point at the sky with the arc of the Milky Way overhead.

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Caption: Honorable mention in the 2023 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category of Still images taken exclusively with smartphones/mobile devices. The darkness of the skies at H.E.S.S Observatory reveal the seemingly innumerable stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy, making it challenging to discern the constellations as seen taken with a smartphone from Namibia in June 2023. The stars Alpha and Beta Centauri are visible bottom left of the image just about the tower. The orange-hued star visible just above and to the right of the left H.E.S.S telescope is Antares, a red-giant star that is part of the constellation Scorpius.
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The Milky Way appears as a diagonal stripe bottom left to top right. It becomes more horizontal as the video progresses.

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Credit: Antonio Finazzi/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

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