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Glossary term: 人造衛星

Also known as man-made satellite

Description: 人造衛星是一種人造裝置，它被送入太空，繞地球或其他太陽系天體運行，並在引力作用下保持在軌道上。人造衛星可以執行各種任務，包括航拍地球照片，幫助氣象學家預測天氣，或拍攝天體和遙遠星系的照片，幫助科學家更好地了解宇宙系統。人造衛星還主要用於全球通信和定位，如全球定位系統（GPS）。第一顆人造衛星於 1957 年由蘇聯發射升空，被稱為“斯普特尼克”1號。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

This is an automated transliteration of the simplified Chinese translation of this term

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明亮的條紋形成豎條，遮蔽了星空

衛星群與夜空之美，作者 Torsten Hansen，德國

Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天文攝影比賽光汙染類第三名。 這幅金星和昴星團的圖像還顯示了星鍊衛星的軌跡。這些衛星位於大約 550 公裡的高空，是不斷擴大的衛星群的一部分，旨在提供全球互聯網接入。衛星的反射表面，以及它們圍繞地球運行，意味著需要長時間曝光的天文觀測會在圖像中捕捉到衛星的 "軌跡"。由於測量結果和數據包含這些 "軌跡"，這導致用於科學研究的天文圖像無法使用。衛星的數量預計會不斷增加，在不久的將來，地球上可能再無任何地方能避開這些衛星劃過天空的軌跡。這是一種新型的光汙染，似乎正成為我們即將要面對的問題，因為這些衛星可能會阻礙對天空的最佳觀測。
Credit: Torsten Hansen/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


The Earth surrounded by a swarm of green and orange points. Further out is a thin ring of green and orange points.

Space debris orbiting the Earth

Caption: This animation shows objects orbiting the Earth. The data date from February 2024 and are taken from space-track.org which maintains a public catalogue of objects tracked by the United States Space Command (USSPACECOM). At first in this video we see green dots, each representing one of the 31,000 human-made objects orbiting Earth. These include both operational and decommissioned satellites, used rocket stages from space launches, and fragments larger than 10cm created by collisions or explosions. Later in the video, some of the green dots are replace by orange dots, each of these representing one of the 9,300 operational satellites orbiting the Earth. Note that since February 2024 more satellites and rockets have been launched in to space and some objects will have fallen back to Earth, so these numbers will have changed. We see two main groups of objects. The first are those objects orbiting close to the Earth, objects in low Earth orbit. These include communication satellites (many from the satellite constellations used to provide satellite internet services), Earth observation satellites, military satellites, two operational space stations and other objects such as rocket stages and other debris. More distant from Earth we see a thin ring of satellites. These are in geostationary orbit. This is a special orbit where the orbital period matches the rotation period of the Earth. This means that a satellite in geostationary orbit stays above the same point on the equator and, when observed from the side of the Earth facing the satellite, will appear to stay at a position on the sky that does not change over time. Because of this, geostationary orbit is used by many communications satellites as a satellite dish on Earth used to receive or transmit a signal to that satellite can point in a fixed direction and does not need to dynamically track the satellite. Geostationary orbit is also used by weather observation satellites.
Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons

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